Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer

Geography

The commune of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer, located in the North-East of Yvelines, is, with more 4 800 hectares, vastest of the department (the third of Ile-de-France after Fontainebleau and Paris). It occupies the major part of a loop of the the Seine mainly covered by the national forest of the same name. The historic site of the city is in the south-eastern part of this territory, on the edge of a plate dominating the the Seine of approximately 60 meters and from where the sight extends on most of the Parisian west.

The communes bordering are Houses-Laffitte in the North-East, the Mesnil-the-King in the east, Pecq in south-east, Mareil-Marly in the south, Fourqueux in the south-south-west, Chambourcy, in south-west, Poissy in the west and Achères in crown of the North-West to the north-north-east.

The communal territory extends on a plate limited in an abrupt way towards the east, culminating with 90 meters with the site of the castle. The edge of the plate, materialized partially by the Terrace, corresponds to the inter-commune limit separating Saint-Germain from Pecq, located downwards in edge of the Seine. The plate drops gradually towards the west to 50 to 60 meters in limit of Poissy and towards north until approximately 25 meters in the agricultural plain of Achères. Towards the south, it is deeply notched by the valley of the Ru of Buzot, borrowed partially by the RN 13 and crossed in viaduct by the line of large belt, and goes up clearly in limit of Mareil-Marly and Fourqueux until an altitude of approximately 100 meters to the hill of Hennemont.

Hydrography

One counts only one river in the communal territory, it acts of the Ru of Buzot, brook tributary of the 9 km length the Seine of which the course directed west-east cross-piece the southern part of the commune. This Ru mainly is channeled and buried. The bottom of the small valley is borrowed by the deviation of the RN 13.

The commune is not directly bordering of the Seine, but in its north-eastern northern part, the communal limit approaches very close to the river. The commune is separated from this last by a narrow band attached to the commune of Achères and sometimes by old islands attached administratively to the communes of Right Bank (Conflans-Holy-Honorine, Herblay, the Hoop-on-Seine).

Some stretches of water, resulting from old exploitations sand pits, are in the north of the commune, of which the pond of Corra.

Geology

The basement of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer, as in the remainder of the Ile-de-France, consists of a stacking of sedimentary layers of the tertiary era , quasi horizontal, layers notched by the valley of the Seine and that of the Ru of Buzot.

The layers levelling with Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer, on the level of the city, are from top to bottom:

the Calcareous of Saint-Ouen of lower Bartonien (Marinésien), approximately five meters thickness, levelling in the center of the city like worms the west in limit of Poissy,
the Sand S of Beauchamp of the lower Bartonien (Auversien), present especially under the old center of the city and the northern part of the forest on approximately eight meters thickness,
the fresh water limestone of the Lutétien (approximately 80 million years) of approximately fifteen meters thickness This calcareous layer, which corresponds to the structural platform of Vexin, was exploited formerly like hones of size in many careers, in particular in the communes bordering on Poissy and the Mesnil-the-King (Career-under-Wood),
a layer of Clay (lower Yprésien) surmounting marnes Montien,
the white Chalk with flint of the Campanien (70 to 80 million years, Cretaceous). This very thick layer, which constitutes the geological base of the sector, is not levelling that at the base of the slope (Pecq), largely covered by modern alluvia.

The base of the forest of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer is formed mainly by alluvial terraces staged formed with the Quaternaire inside a Méandre of the Seine following the variations of the level of the English Channel during the glaciations and successive deglaciations. They are made of Alluvion S (sands and gravels) old in the south (higher terrace), except worms the west and the North-West in limit of Poissy and Achères where these alluvia disappear to let level the subjacent layers of limestone, and of more recent alluvia in north (lower terrace).

Occupation of the territory

The territory of the commune is very mainly rural (73%). The rural areas correspond in near total to the space covered by the Forêt of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer. Is added to it to the north of the forest, part of the “agricultural park of Achères” (which belongs to the town of Paris). Built urban space accounts for 19% of the total, that is to say 914 hectares. It includes/understands the centres of population, concentrated in the southern part of the commune, either 340 ha (36% of built urban space), the various equipment, or 265 ha (20%), including surfaces in particular occupied by the Purification plant “Seine-Aval” of SIAAP (Syndicat interdépartemental for the cleansing of the Paris and its suburbs), located in the extreme north of the communal territory, the surfaces assigned to transport, 186 ha (14%), including inter alia the railway installations of the old sorting and the Dépôt of engines of Achères, the zones of activities, 95 ha (7%), mainly made up of offices.

The habitat occupies practically all the space located between the forest and the southern limit of the commune. It includes/understands on the one hand the dense historical core which gradually extended starting from the castle to the edge from the valley from Ru from Buzot. This one was urbanized more recently in particular since the Second world war by large apartment buildings, then by private housing estates. The residential area joined those of Pecq, Mareil-Marly and Fourqueux without discontinuity. One also notes some cities isolated in north from the commune, the city of Large-Cormier in a railway triangle in the middle of the forest, the city of Garenne opposite Conflans-Holy-Honorine and the city of Fromainville (in the north of Houses-Laffitte) which lodges of the personnel of the purification plant.

Transportation routes

The commune is served mainly by two trunk roads, RN 13, is directed East-West, borrowing a deviation with four ways from the south of the city, which connects it to Paris on the one hand and Mantes-the-Pretty on the other hand, and RN 184 directs North-South which connect Saint-Germain to Conflans-Holy-Honorine and with Cergy-Pontoise while crossing the forest in its North-South axis. These two axes cross by a junction grade-separated with the Beautiful-Air.

The closest Autoroute S (has 13 and has 14) are accessible by the exchanger from Orgeval located at approximately eight kilometers at the west of the city. To note that 14 cross-piece entirely the commune of Saint-Germain in underground has, in the forest in the north of the agglomeration, the exchanger initially envisaged in the forest having been removed on decision of the president François Mitterrand.

The layout retained for the looping of the Francilienne in the Paris west slightly chips the communal territory in its northern edge but avoids the crossing of the forest.

Several secondary roads connects Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer to the common neighbors. It is:

RD 308 which connects Houses-Laffitte to Poissy while crossing the forest in the East-West direction and which crosses the RN 184 with the cross of Noailles,
RD 157 which connects it to the Mesnil-the-King and Houses-Laffitte towards the North-East,
RD 190, crossing the downtown area, which connects it to the Pecq towards the west and to Poissy towards the east,
RD 98 which connects it to Saint-Name-the-Bretèche and Clayes-under-Wood towards the sud.

Some of these secondary roads are exclusively saint-germanoises: in fact the case of the RD 284 which connects the crossroads of the Cabins (RN 184 in north) to the exchanger with the RN 13 in the south of the commune and of the RD 99 connects this exchanger with the RN 13 to the entry of Mareil-Marly.

The railway communications with Paris are ensured by the RER has whose Gare of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer is the western terminus. It is the oldest railway line open to the travellers in France. Recently, the stations of Saint-Germain Large-Girdles and Saint-Germain - Bel Air - Fourqueux were reopened at the time of the start-up of a section of the line of Large Belt. It is planned to restore the rail link between the two stations, ensured during a time by electric shuttles.

The commune is also crossed of is in west, in the middle of the forest, by the line Paris-Rouen which serves the station travellers of Achères - Large Cormier as well as the deposit of Achères and the beams of the old sorting of Achères. This line counts two junctions, one towards north for Pontoise and Cergy, the other towards the south in direction of the station of Poissy-Large-Girdles, unused since 1936.

Among these various terrestrial infrastructures, several are classified in comparison with the sound Pollution of the terrestrial transport infrastructures. It is in particular the case of the highway A14 (classified of category 1, the most raised, but the real impact is relatively limited for the residents, this highway being underground in most of its way in the commune), of the trunk roads N184 and N13 (category 2) as well as railway line Paris-Rouen (catégorie 1). The RN13 is isolated by continuous walls antibruit in the small valley from Ru from Buzot.

Climate

Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer enjoys like all the Île-de-France a oceanic Climat degraded. The annual average temperature is of 10,7° C. the most cold months are December and January with 0 with 5° the C and hottest, July and August with 20 with 25° C (average day laborer). The average of annual precipitations is of 695 millimetres.

The city from time immemorial was famous for its microclimate related to its site well exposed, dominating the valley of the Seine, near the forest and sheltered winds of west. That was worth to him its nickname of “Mountain of the good air” and its statute of residence of holiday.

Heraldic

History

Etymology

According to Bernard Nabonne, the name of name of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer can be included/understood like “Saint-Germain-in-the-forest”. The origin of “Bush hammer” is discussed: various meanings, most commonly allowed is that of the word “thin layer” which indicates a “dirt track bored in a forest” or, as old French, lay , “reserve in a forest”. This term would derive from francic the laida having the same direction. “Saint-Germain” holds his origin of construction, by the king of France Robert II the Piles (972-1031), of a monastery dedicated to saint Germain, probably holy Germain of Paris, founder of the Abbaye of Saint-Germain-of-Meadows.

Origins with the Middle Ages

Few archaeological vestiges were found in the territory of the commune, occupied a long time by vast the Forêt of Yveline. Nevertheless one can see, reconstituted in the ditches of the castle, of the burials Neolithic S discovered in the surroundings, of which the covered Allée coming from the commune bordering on Conflans-Holy-Honorine.

In VIIe century, the Francs settle in the small valley of the Ru of Buzot, where the field of Feuillancourt appears. Holy Érembert, future bishop of Toulouse, born in Feuillancourt ( Filiacum Curtis ), takes part in the christianization of the area. The first hamlets are formed in Saint-Leger and Feuillancourt, site confirmed by the discovery into 1925 of a cemetery mérovingien. According to the hagiographic tradition, holy Érembert put an end, miraculeusement, with a fire by drawing up its crook in front of the flames.

In XIe century, the king Robert the Piles founds a small monastery, dedicated to Saint Germain, on the edge of the plate, with an abbey church devoted to Vincent saint. This monastery is attached to the Benedictine abbey Notre-Dame de Coulombs (close to Nogent-the-King).

Towards 1124, the king Louis VI the Large (1081-1137), which wants to impose its authority to the lords of the Ile-de-France, makes build the first strong Château on the site of the current castle, vis-a-vis the Saint-Germain priory. The village starts to develop in XIIe century, under the supervision of the local lord who is the prior of the monastery. The first mayor is named by the prior about 1130.

In 1223, the king Philippe-Auguste makes build a first vault dedicated to Notre-Dame. Blanche of Castille, which controls as regent of 1226 to 1236, makes arrange the road between Saint-Germain and Poissy through the forest. Saint Louis increases the castle and makes build the Holy Vault completed in 1238. This still visible building currently is sometimes allotted, without proof, with the architect Pierre de Montreuil, author of the the Ste Chapelle of Paris.

In 1286, under Philippe IV Beautiful the, the village becomes a Prévôté, first degree of royal justice.

During the War One hundred Year old, 1e August 15th, 1346, the “Prince Noir”, wire of the king of England Edouard III which occupies Poissy then, sets fire to the castle of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer which is destroyed except for the Holy Vault. Twenty years later, under Charles V, it will be rebuilt and transformed into fortress by the architect Raymond of the Temple. From 1417 to 1440, the castle is occupied by the English.

Rebirth at the XVIIIe century

With François Ier, which marries Claude of France in the vault on May 18th, 1514, the castle of Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer becomes the favorite residence of the king. In 1539, he entrusts to the architect Pierre Chambiges the transformation of the castle and its rebuilding in the Renaissance style such as one currently knows it since his restoration at the XIXe century. Pierre Chambiges also builds the castle of the Dumb woman in the forest. The village, still very rural, benefits from the development of the trade related to the court and increases and reaches approximately 3500 inhabitants.

Henri II, born with Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer, becomes king in 1547. It is this same year that is the episode of the Coup of Jarnac during a duel which proceeds on the esplanade of the castle, the July 10th 1547. The new king undertakes the construction of the “new castle”, with which it charges the architect Philibert with the Elm. work is started in 1559, but construction will be finished only under the reign of Henri IV, about 1600.

The king Louis XIII passes his childhood to the Castle-Old man of Saint-Germain. Later, it is during a shooting party, on September 23rd, 1617, that he discovers the site of Versailles where he is made build an appointment of hunting quickly.

On Sunday, September 5, 1638, it is the very awaited birth of Louis Dieudonné, future Louis XIV. Louis XIII dies out with the Castle-Old man on May 14th, 1643.

At the time of the Fronde, in the night from January 5th to 6th 1649, the queen-mother, Anne of Austria, regent and the young person Louis XIV who does not have that eleven years take refuge precipitately with the Castle-Old man of Saint-Germain. This episode undoubtedly marked Louis XIV and probably influenced in its decision to transfer the Court to Versailles.

From 1661 to 1682, the king Louis XIV passes an important part of his time to Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer. He makes arrange by Ours gardens with the Frenchwoman and the Large Terrace between 1663 and 1680. He also made reorganize his apartments in the Castle-Old man by Brown the and Vau. In 1680 work of enlarging of the castle starts, carried out by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, by the construction of five houses of angle which give him according to certain historians a “aspect odd and unpleasant”. The borough develops at that time and its population reached 12000 inhabitants in 1680. Madam de Montespan made there build the “royal general hospital” as well as the convent of the Ursulines. The noble ones make build many private mansions of which much exists still nowadays.

April 20th, 1682, before even as work of enlarging of the castle of Saint-Germain are finished, the Court leaves definitively for Versailles. Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer then knows a phase of decline prolonged in spite of the stay of the king d' Angleterre Jacques II which lives in exile with the castle of 1689 to 1701.

XVIIIe century

At the XVIIIe century, the dukes of Noailles hold the top of the paving stone with Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer. Their residence, the hotel of Noailles, works of Jules Hardouin-Mansart, with his park of 42 hectares, is sumptuous. From 1701 to 1793, successively, Ass-Jules, then Adrien-Morice, his/her son and Louis, Duke of Ayen his grandson, is governors of Saint-Germain.

In 1777, the king Louis XVI makes to gift of the Castle-Nine, in bad condition, with his brother Charles, count d' Artois, the future Charles X. This one makes it demolish.

In March 1787, an edict of Louis XV creates the municipalities, directed by a syndic. The election of Paris is divided into two departments having for Corbeil chief towns and Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer, which is also the seat of a district.

In January 1790, it is the creation of the 83 departments. Versailles, which offers the advantage of having vast unoccupied buildings, is selected like chief town of the Seine-et-Oise lately created. In spite of the claims of the municipality which is prevailed of the long tradition of royal city of the city, Saint-Germain is nothing any more but the chief town of a “district” made up of seven cantons and 265 communes and the seat of a county court (law of February 26th, 1791). The districts are removed in 1795 and during the creation of the districts (law of the 28 pluviôse year VIII), Saint-Germain is brought back to the role of a chief town of canton, which it will remain until 1962. In February 1790, the first mayor, Georges Laurent Caillet, is elected with 599 votes out of 891 voters.

The eleven brumaire year II (November 1st, 1793), a decree of Convention renames the city “Mountain of the Good Air” ; The 18 nivôse year II (January 7th, 1794), the commune of Saint-Leger-in-Bush hammer, which extends in the valley from the Ru from Buzot, in the south of the city, is removed and joined together with that of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer.

Under the Revolution, the city knows a demographic Net decline, losing a third of its population, as well because of a negative natural balance as of the departure of many inhabitants. With the census of 1800 the city counts nothing any more but 8954 inhabitants.

XIXe century

Under the Empire, the Castle-Old man accommodates the “special school military of cavalry” which is open on October 15th, 1809 and amalgamated in 1914 with the military special school of Saint-Cyr military school. In 1811, it is the creation of the Maison of education of the Legion of honor of the Cabins wanted by Napoleon.

The city is occupied in 1814 and 1815 by the allied troops (Russian, Prussian and British) which overcame Napoleon. It is subjected to requisitions and contributions of war and must place nearly ten thousand soldiers.

The August 24th 1837, the first circulation on the railway line Paris - Saint-Germain who in fact is limited to the unloading dock of the Pecq close to the bridge on the Seine. Its prolongation to Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer is carried out only in April 1847 To overcome the unevenness between Pecq and Saint-Germain, which imposes a slope reaching of 35 mm/m, one calls upon the atmospheric Railroad. The vacuum is made in a tube in which a piston interdependent of the directing coach moves, which literally makes it possible to aspire the train in top of the coast. The descent is done by gravity. The establishment of the station on the place of the castle upsets the garden created by Ours.

From 1836 to 1855, the castle is transformed into military penitentiary. March 8th, 1862 an imperial decree act creation in the castle of a “Museum of Celtic and Gallo-Roman antiquities” (famous later “Museum of the national antiquities”, then recently “Museum of national archeology”). For this purpose, the castle is classified Historic building on April 8th, 1863 and the first renovation works are engaged by the architect Eugene Millet, raises Purple-the-Duke. The first rooms of the museum are inaugurated by Napoleon III on May 18th, 1867. The restoration undertaken by Millet, in addition to a deep reorganization of interior spaces, restores the castle in its Renaissance state, by destroying the houses added by Mansart at the end of the XVIIe century. Work is completed only at the beginning of the XXe century.

At the time of the Franco-German War of 1870, the town of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer is occupied by the Prussian army during 175 days, from September 20th, 1870 to March 12th, 1871. The city and the population are again subjected to heavy requisitions. Saint-Germain has his martyr: the factor Armand Brare, taken by the Prussians whereas it transported dispatches through their lines, torture victim with whiplashes in the forest of Saint-Germain, imprisoned in Versailles, it escapes and is shot in February 1971 whereas it crossed the Seine to the stroke.

In 1871, at the time of the Common of Paris, many Parisian come to take refuge in Saint-Germain whose population increases appreciably.

In 1877, Adolphe Thiers, first president of the Third Republic, whose health declined and who was accustomed to attending Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer, settles with the hotel of the Pavillon Henri IV on August 22nd to rest. Its health condition abruptly worsens on September 3rd and he dies the very same day. A statue of Thiers is set up in 1880 on the place of the castle. It will be destroyed in 1941.

The May 16th 1890, the line of the Paris Tram - Saint-Germain (PSG) is brought into service. This line of 18,7 kilometers, to steam traction, connects the castle to the Place of the Star via Rueil-Malmaison and the bridge of Neuilly in 1:30 approximately. The line is electrified in 1912, before being built-in 1921 in the network of the STCRP (Société of public transport of the Paris region) of which it becomes the line n° 58. This tram will be finally replaced by buses starting from January 21st, 1935.

In 1896 a new line of tram connects Saint-Germain to Poissy (5,7 km), line transferred in 1911 to the Compagnie from the railroads from outer suburbs (CGB), then leased in 1927 with the SRCRP. Yielded to the Company of the economic railroads on January 1st, 1933, the line finally is closed with the exploitation on December 31st of the same year.

XXe century

In 1904 is founded the Stade Saint-Germain, club general sports whose section football will be at the origin in 1970 of the Paris Saint-Germain Football Club.

The January 1st 1912, is brought into service the line of CGB between Saint-Germain and Meulan. This line with spacing of 1,44 m functioned until June 30th, 1948.

During the First World War, Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer, although included in the perimeter of the fortified camp from Paris, is not affected directly by the engagements. Some bombs, launched by Zeppelins, aiming at the viaduct of the line of Large belt fall without causing victims.

Since 1914, troop trains coming directly from the face are received in station of Saint-Germain-Large-Girdles. In 1917, the marshalling yard of Achères is increased to receive the casualty or leave trains.

The city is very affected by the war like the majority of common Frenchwomen. It loses 720 soldiers whose names are registered on the war memorial, that is to say 3,9% of his population of 1914. The War memorial the, work of the architect saint-germanois Jacques Carlu, is inaugurated on September 24th, 1922. Financed thanks to a public subscription, it replaces a first cenotaph set up in 1919.

The September 10th 1919, the Traité of Saint-Germain (during of the treaty of Versailles with Germany) is signed in a room of the castle. This treaty establishes peace between the allies and the Austria and devotes the collapse of the monarchy Austro-Hungarian.

In the Inter-war period, of 1923 to 1936, Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer accommodates the automobile race and motorcylcist of the “Bol of gold” on the circuit of the Cabins, in forest. In 1926, an accident causes two dead. The following year the test is transferred to Fontainebleau before returning in 1928 on the circuit known as of the city.

In the years 1930, the city is struck by the economic crisis, the number of unemployed appreciably increases passer by of a hundred with approximately 500 in 1932. This crisis occurs in a demographic context of crisis. The natural balance is negative during first half of the XXe century and the population stagnates, around 20/22 000 inhabitants of 1920 to 1940.

At the time of the Second world war, the city is again occupied by the German army of June 14th 1940 at August 25th 1944. At the beginning of the month of June 1940, it is the exodus which empties the city literally: June 15th there remained nothing any more but 5000 inhabitants. However the majority of the runaways return during the summer. The staff of the Large German General headquarter for the Occupied Zone settles with the Pavillon Henri IV while many other services of the occupying army settle downtown. Mission entrusted to its staff by the general colonel von Rundstedt: to prepare the Operation Seeloewe, i.e. the German unloading in Great Britain. Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer becomes then the seat of the Ob West, command of the German forces of the Norway to Biarritz. Many bunkers are built as from 1943 by workmen requisitioned for the Organization Todt.

In May and June 1944, the commune sudden of many allied bombardments which prepare the unloading in Normandy. Are particularly aimed at the transport infrastructures, the bridge of Pecq, near, the Saint-Leger viaduct on the large Belt, the station of Saint-Germain-Large-Girdles and especially the installations of the sorting of Achères in the forest

In May 1954, the Grand general headquarter of the American forces in Europe ( United States European Command, USEUCOM ) settles with the Camp of the Cabins. With this occasion, a whole of 261 residences called “village SHAPE” is built in the field of the castle of Hennemont by the architect Prix of Rome Jean Dubuisson. The large general headquarter leaves Saint-Germain on February 5th, 1967 when the Général De Gaulle decides to leave the integrated organization of NATO.

In the years 1950, the Trunk road 13 connecting Paris to Normandy, which crossed the center town, is deviated by the south in the small valley of the Ru of Buzot. This deviation, which raises many criticisms because she is shown to divide the city in two, is completed in 1959.

November 7th, 1962 is created the Arrondissement of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer which gathers 45 communes for 341 km ², either approximately 15% of the surface of the department and 528.000 inhabitants (1999), or 42% of its population.

In the years 1960, the museum of the National antiquity is completely renovated on the initiative of André Malraux, Minister for the culture. March 25th, 1965, Malraux makes visit the new rooms with the Général de Gaulle during a private visit, but the restoration supplements will be completed only in 1984.

The October 1st 1972, it is the startup of the the RER which directly connects Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer to the center of Paris and to beyond the south-eastern suburbs by shorting-circuit the Saint-Lazare station, and at the same time gives an direct access and rapid, less than twenty minutes, with the pole of uses of Defense. This new service induces a strong increase in the traffic during the following years as well as the beginning of a sociological change of the city, together with a raising of prices of the real estate.

The highway A14, inaugurated on November 6th, 1996, crosses the commune in underground thanks to a 2810 meters long tunnel passing under the Terrace and the forest. This layout, which respects the natural environment and cultural, is the result of a long combat of the mayor, Michel Péricard, which convinces the president of the republic, François Mitterrand. This one decides at the time of a displacement on the spot on May 2nd, 1990 to remove the exchanger envisaged initially in the forest, and in July 1993, the layout is lowered to move away from the Terrace the outlet of the tunnel.

August 4th, 2007, an accident of horse-gear to the Festival of the Cabins, making two died and two seriously injureds, endeuille the commune.

Economy

Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer is one of the richest cities of France. With an income median annual income per consumption unit of: 25499 euros in 2004, it is placed at the 124e row of the communes of more than 1000 inhabitants, in front of Versailles (131e).

Activities and employment

Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer is a pole of important employment with nearly 19.000 employment in 1999 for a population of 38.000 inhabitants, that is to say an employment for two inhabitants. It is a tertiary pole devoted to the trade, education and the administration. The Tertiary sector represents nearly 94% of employment, that is to say 17.890 out of 18.885 (figure 1999). The providers main activities of employment are the services with the companies and the private individuals (20,7%), the administration (17,4%), health (17,2%), education (16%) and the trade (12,9%).

Unemployment rate was of 7,4 % in 2005, a figure slightly higher than the average of Yvelines (7,1%), but lower than the national average (8,6%).

Trade

Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer is regarded as the “greater shopping mall with open sky of the Parisian west” with more than 800 trade established especially in downtown area. There does not exist in the commune of great shopping mall, nor of hypermarket. One notes however the presence of center town of a Monoprix and a covered commercial gallery, the “Saint-Germain Galleries”, opened in 1987 not far from the castle. Located at the center of a market radius of 300.000 people to purchasing power raised, this trade attracts many customers of the common neighbors. The access to the center town is facilitated by the presence of station the RER in full center, on the other hand the road access is made more difficult by the exiguity of the streets and the insufficiency of the car parks. This trade is in competition with external shopping malls, in particular the retail park of Orgeval along the trunk road 13 and Parly 2 with the Chesnay. The project of important a Shopping mall called “the Terraces of Poncy” which would be established in the commune of Poissy, with the crossroads of the highways A13, A14, and of future the A104, raises some concerns and the opposition of the municipal council of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer.

Principal companies

Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer shelters, inter alia, the seat of Ford-France, that of the French subsidiary company of the Bose group, and that of Stake France. The company Ford-France settled in July 2002 in the Saint-Leger castle (transformed into 1991 by the architect Dominique Perrault), old seat of IRSID, street of Cross-of-Iron, before amalgamating with Volvo-France and Land-Rover-France within FMC Cars SAS.

The city also accommodates service of the national documentation of the Cadastre. This service, which employs more than two hundred paid, ensures the update of the cadrastal maps, their impression and their digitalization.

The factory Seine-Aval, exploited by the Trade union interdépartemental for the cleansing of the Paris and its suburbs (SIAAP), occupies 350 hectares in the north of the loop of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer, in majority in the territory of the commune. Brought into service in 1940, it is largest Purification plant of Ile-de-France. An important unit of Dénitrification was brought into service in 2007. A Public debate was open during the last quarters of 2007 within the framework of a project of total recasting of the station intended to put it in conformity with the European directive tallies on water.

Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer, garrison town

Historically, Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer was an important garrison town and it counts currently more than 600 soldiers. With the Camp of the Cabins, it lodges in particular the staff of the military command of the Area Ground Ile-de-France, the regional management of the Genius and the 526e battalion of the train.

Is there also since 1966 with the district Goupil, the center of instruction of the regiment of Cavalerie of the Republican guard.

Administration

The Municipal council includes/understands thirty-nine members, of which the mayor and eleven associated with the mayor, proportionally with the number of inhabitants. The municipality sits in the town hall installed in the hotel of Rochefoucauld, street of Pontoise, since 1842. An administrative center, created in 1996 rue Léon-Desoyer, gathers the whole of the administrative services. An town hall-appendix is installed in the district of the Beautiful-Air, on the flagstone of the shopping mall of the Beautiful-Air. Six advisory committees, called “councils of district” were set up in 1977 to reinforce the links with the population. The districts are cut out as follows: 1 - Forest downtown area and districts, 2 - Bergette/Debussy, 3 - Pontel/Schnapper/Sous-prefecture, 4 - Slopes of the Beautiful-Air/House-Green, 5 - Hennemont, 6 - Alsace/Péreire.

The commune of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer, which belongs to the urban Aire of Paris, does not belong to any community of commune. It takes part however in different associations of communes, the such SIDRU (waste processing, which sub-contracted their incineration with the factory Azalys de Carrières-sous-Poissy, exploited by Novergie, Groupe Suez), the SIVOM (intercommunity association with multiple vocation, which gathers 38 communes) or the SMERGC (mixed trade-union of studies for the reopening of the Large Belt).

The city is since 1962 the seat of a Sous-préfecture (of which the services are placed street of the Panorama), initially of Seine-et-Oise, then since 1968 of the Yvelines. The Arrondissement of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer includes/understands 45 communes, that is to say 15% of the surface of Yvelines, and represented, with the census of 1990, with 528.320 inhabitants, 40% of the population of the department. It one of the largest districts of France, is more populated into 1980 than 52 French departments.

The city is also the chief town of two cantons:

the Canton of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer-North (36 915 inhabitants), formed of part of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer (districts northern) and the commune of Achères,
the Canton of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer-South (26 400 inhabitants), formed of part of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer (southern districts) and communes of Aigremont and Chambourcy.

The common one belongs to the Sixth district of Yvelines, whose deputy is, since 1999, Pierre Morange (UMP). Pierre Morange, who succeeded in this function Michel Péricard, is in addition mayor of Chambourcy since 1995.

Political tendencies

Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer is a city which has a political long tradition good anchored on the right. The mayor Emmanuel Lamy (UMP) succeeded Michel Péricard (RPR) in 1991, with the death of this last, then he was elected for the first time like chief candidate in 2001.

With the presidential election of 2002, the first turn saw arriving at the head Jacques Chirac with 27,7%, followed Lionel Jospin with 13,3%, Jean-Marie Le Pen with 11,6%, then Francois Bayrou with 11,5%, Jean-Pierre Chevènement with 6,8%, Alain Madelin with 6,7%, No5el Mamère with 4,8%, no other candidate not exceeding the threshold of the 4%. With the second turn, the voters voted to 87,9% for Jacques Chirac against 12,1% for Jean-Marie Le Pen with a rate of abstention from 18,6%, result more contrasted than at the national level (respectively 82,21% and 17,79%; abstention 20,29%).

With the referendum on the constitutional treaty for Europe of May 29th, 2005, Saint-Germanois very clearly approved the European Constitution, with a majority of 71,32% of yes against 28,68% of not and a rate of abstention from 27,57% (whole France: not to 54,67%; yes to 45,33%). These figures yes amplify the departmental tendency of the Yvelines (to 59,53%; not with 40,47%) and that of the area Ile-de-France (yes 53,99%; not 46,01%).

With the presidential election of 2007, the first turn saw Nicolas Sarkozy arriving at the head with 45,93%, followed by Francois Bayrou with 22,80%, Ségolène Royal with 18,29% and Jean-Marie Le Pen with 6,00%, no other candidate not exceeding the threshold of the 2%. The second turn saw Nicolas Sarkozy arriving at the head at a very vast majority of 66,95% compared with 33,05% for Ségolène Royal (result national: respectively 53,06 and 46,94%).

Mayors of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer

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Taxation and municipal budget

The communal share of the three principal local taxes is relatively moderate (hardly higher than in Versailles) with the following rates in 2006: 11,68% for the tax of dwelling, 9,5% for the real estate tax on the built properties and 10,35% for the professional tax. The departmental share amounts respectively to 4,8%,4,6% and 4,53%. The professional tax, discharged by the companies, accounts for 27% of the total product of the four local taxes.

The city is the 30e of France, and the second of Yvelines after Versailles, for the number of taxable people to the Solidarity tax on the fortune (STF), which rises with 1609 informant an average inheritance of: 1756274 euros. Paid to the total population, the rate of taxable people to the STF is of 42,2 per 1000 inhabitants, which classifies Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer with the fourth rank, behind Neuilly-sur-Seine, Saint-Cloud and Versailles, of the richest cities of France in comparison with the STF.

In 2006, the operational budget released a surplus of: 6093000 euros for total loads assembling itself to: 55247000 euros (either 1376 euros per capita). The capital expenditures rose with: 24932000 euros and capacity of self-financing with: 8613000 euros.

Housing

With the census of 1999, the city counted: 18050 residences of which: 15830 main homes, is 87,7%. The balance is primarily made up of vacant housings (10,3%), rate higher than the regional average (8,1%), the share of the second home being negligible (0,6%).

Nearly the two-thirds (64,9%) of housing stock date from the years 1949-1989, rate a little higher than the regional average (57,2%). That reflects the strong urban development in the Années 1960 - 1980. On the other hand, recent constructions (of 1990 at 1999) are less present than in the regional average. In 1999, 3,2% of the main homes dated from 1990 or afterwards against 9,1% in Île-de-France, showing a decline in constructions since 1990.

The houses accounted for only 17,1% compared with 82,9% for the apartments, distribution appreciably different from the regional average (26,9% and 73,1% respectively), reflecting a strong urban thickening.

The dwellings are characterized by their important surface: the residences of four parts and more dominate (44,6%). The residences of three parts (25,8%) follow, then 2 parts (18,6%). The small residences remain rather minority (studios: 11,6%). This structure evolved/moved little between 1990 and 1999, with however a light increase (+3; 3%) of the residences of 4 parts and more, mainly with the detriment of the 3 parts (- 4,6%).

39,3% only of the inhabitants are owners of their housing, against 54,7% which are only tenants (respectively 44,3% and 51,1% in the area).

With: 7432 residences HLM. In spite of a deceleration of the rise of the price noted since 2006, the average costs reach approximately 4500 euros the m ² in 2007 and can exceed the 6000 euros for the goods best placed near the castle and of the forest. The less snuffed districts know however appreciably lower prices (starting from 2500 euros the m ² in the district of the Beautiful-Air).

Demography

Demographic trends

Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer experienced an old development thanks to its statute of royal city. The city counted approximately: 12000 inhabitants in 1680, which made an important city of the kingdom of it at the time. It known a Net decline with the Revolution passing with 8500 inhabitants in 1799.

She knew thereafter a slow but regular progression until the Second world war. The peak without a future recorded with the census of 1872 is explained, as in Versailles, by the surge the Parisian ones fleeing the disorders of the Commune in 1870.

The strong growth of the years 1950-1960 is the consequence of the urbanization accelerated, in particular on the plate of the Beautiful-Air.

Between 1990 and 1999, Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer saw its population decreasing by 1503 people, that is to say -3,8%. This result is explained by a negative Migratory balance which erases a surplus of the births on the deaths of 4,6% for the same period. The last census, carried out in 2006, watch a very clear resumption of the population which is estimated at: 41100 inhabitants, is + 7% which seems to show an improvement of the attractivity of the city.

2005: provisional population of INSEE.

Histogram
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ImageSize = width: 800 height: 300 PlotArea = left: 50 bottom: 50 signal: 30 right: 30 DateFormat = x.y Period = from: 0 till: 42000 TimeAxis = orientation: vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor: darkgrey increment: 5000 start: 0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor: lightgrey increment: 1000 start: 0 BackgroundColors = canvas: sfondo

BarData= bar: 1793 text: 1793 bar: 1800 text: 1800 bar: 1806 text: 1806 bar: 1821 text: 1821 bar: 1831 text: 1831 bar: 1846 text: 1846 bar: 1856 text: 1856 bar: 1866 text: 1866 bar: 1872 text: 1872 bar: 1881 text: 1881 bar: 1891 text: 1891 bar: 1901 text: 1901 bar: 1911 text: 1911 bar: 1921 text: 1921 bar: 1926 text: 1926 bar: 1936 text: 1936 bar: 1946 text: 1946 bar: 1954 text: 1954 bar: 1962 text: 1962 bar: 1968 text: 1968 bar: 1975 text: 1975 bar: 1982 text: 1982 bar: 1990 text: 1990 bar: 1999 text: 1999 bar: 2005 text: 2005

PlotData= color: width barred: 20 align: left bar: 1793 from: 0 till: 13400 bar: 1800 from: 0 till: 8954 bar: 1806 from: 0 till: 9798 bar: 1821 from: 0 till: 10291 bar: 1831 from: 0 till: 10671 bar: 1846 from: 0 till: 13488 bar: 1856 from: 0 till: 14283 bar: 1866 from: 0 till: 17478 bar: 1872 from: 0 till: 22862 bar: 1881 from: 0 till: 15790 bar: 1891 from: 0 till: 14262 bar: 1901 from: 0 till: 17297 bar: 1911 from: 0 till: 18344 bar: 1921 from: 0 till: 20008 bar: 1926 from: 0 till: 22180 bar: 1936 from: 0 till: 22539 bar: 1946 from: 0 till: 22013 bar: 1954 from: 0 till: 29429 bar: 1962 from: 0 till: 34621 bar: 1968 from: 0 till: 38308 bar: 1975 from: 0 till: 37509 bar: 1982 from: 0 till: 38499 bar: 1990 from: 0 till: 39926 bar: 1999 from: 0 till: 38423 bar: 2005 from: 0 till: 41100

PlotData= bar: 1793 At: 13400 fontsize: S text: 13400 shift: (- 10,5) bar: 1800 At: 8954 fontsize: S text: 8954 shift: (- 14,3) bar: 1806 At: 9798 fontsize: S text: 9798 shift: (- 14,5) bar: 1821 At: 10291 fontsize: S text: 10291 shift: (- 15,1) bar: 1831 At: 10671 fontsize: S text: 10671 shift: (- 15,7) bar: 1846 At: 13488 fontsize: S text: 13488 shift: (- 20,5) bar: 1856 At: 14283 fontsize: S text: 14283 shift: (- 15,7) bar: 1866 At: 17478 fontsize: S text: 17478 shift: (- 15,5) bar: 1872 At: 22862 fontsize: S text: 22862 shift: (- 11,5) bar: 1881 At: 15790 fontsize: S text: 15790 shift: (- 13,5) bar: 1891 At: 14262 fontsize: S text: 14262 shift: (- 14,3) bar: 1901 At: 17297 fontsize: S text: 17297 shift: (- 14,2) bar: 1911 At: 18344 fontsize: S text: 18344 shift: (- 13,5) bar: 1921 At: 20008 fontsize: S text: 20008 shift: (- 13,5) bar: 1926 At: 22180 fontsize: S text: 22180 shift: (- 11,3) bar: 1936 At: 22539 fontsize: S text: 22539 shift: (- 10,12) bar: 1946 At: 22013 fontsize: S text: 22013 shift: (- 13,4) bar: 1954 At: 29429 fontsize: S text: 29429 shift: (- 15,5) bar: 1962 At: 34621 fontsize: S text: 34621 shift: (- 13,5) bar: 1968 At: 38308 fontsize: S text: 38308 shift: (- 14,8) bar: 1975 At: 37509 fontsize: S text: 37509 shift: (- 13,3) bar: 1982 At: 38499 fontsize: S text: 38499 shift: (- 12,9) bar: 1990 At: 39926 fontsize: S text: 39926 shift: (- 10,10) bar: 1999 At: 38423 fontsize: S text: 38423 shift: (- 10,5) bar: 2005 At: 41100 fontsize: S text: 41100 shift: (- 10,5)

Population pyramid

The population pyramid of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer is characterized by its relatively narrow base, sign of an ageing of the population, a little more marked than at the regional level. One notes however between 1990 and 1999 a certain renovation, the share of less than thirty years passing from 39 to 42% and that of more than sixty years of 19,3 to 17,3%, the intermediate generations (thirty to sixty years) regressing slightly from 41,8 to 40,8% .

Level of studies

The level of education to Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer is raised, definitely more than in the remainder of the department of Yvelines. Indeed, the share in the total population of the holders of diplomas of Bac+2 level or superior is, in the commune, of 43,2%, against 29,7% on average yvelinoise, while only 10% of the population are not titular of any diploma (against 13,6% at the departmental level). Between 1990 and 1999, the evolution was very marked with a growth of 20,7% of the holders of diplomas of Bac+2 level and 38,1% for the holders of higher diplomas. In 1999, the city counted 6240 people concerned with the category “frameworks and higher intellectual professions”, is 20% of the total population and more than 37% of the active population.

Nationalities

The population saint-germanoise counts French 4,4% by acquisition and 8,2% people of foreign nationalities (census 1999, proportions slightly lower than the average yvelinoise (respectively 4,9% and 8,9%).

Among the foreigners one notes, compared to the average of the department, a stronger proportion of nationals of the European Union, either 4,6% compared with 4,0% as well as “different” nationalities (except European Union, except the Maghreb and Turkey), or 2,2% against 1,8%). That reflects the presence in the commune of international frameworks whose children attend the international college.

Culture

Saint-Germain-in-bush hammer conceals a strong concentration of classified or registered historic buildings. A Secteur safeguarded of 65 hectares was defined in 1978 in the historical center of the city.

Architectural heritage

In the city

The Château of Saint-Germain-in-Bush hammer was one of the principal residences of the kings de France starting from Louis VI the Large, until Louis XIV. The current building, of style Rebirth, was {rebuilt under François I {{er}} and was restored under Napoleon III. It preserves the very beautiful Ste Chapelle (13th century) of Gothic style and a keep of the 14th century. It shelters today the Musée of national archeology.

The terrace of the castle built by Ours of 1669 with 1674, extends in straight line on 2400 meters length on 30 broad. It connects the center of Saint-Germain to the Château of the Valley. Dominating the valley of the Seine in direction of Pecq, it offers a sight released on the lathes of Defense and Paris.

Castle-Nine of Henri II and Henri IV, destroyed at the end from the XVIII

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