Saint-Avold ( German Sankt-Avold in ) is a city of the North-East of the France, chief town of canton of the department of the the Moselle, on the Rosselle, close to the German Frontière . It is localized in the natural area of the Warndt and in the basin of life of the Moselle-is.

Geography

The commune is crossed by the river Rosselle.

Variations and localities

  • the district Arcadia .
  • the district of the Nasturtiums .
  • the Quoted of the Career , ZUS.
  • the Village of Dourd' hall , attached to the commune since 1965.
  • the city Emile Huchet .
  • the Hill of the Felsberg , its international center of meetings and its ground of Camp-site.
  • the zone of the Large-Beech .
  • the zone of the Hollerloch .
  • the city Jeanne d' Arc .
  • old the pond and the Forest of Oderfang .
  • the district of the Wenheck , ZUS.
  • the Quoted of the Suburb , ZUS.

History

At the 18th century, the scholar Benedictine Dom Calmet wrote: “Saint-Avold played a leading role in the Lorraine history. It sheltered in its walls of the dukes of Lorraine, the kings de France and the emperors of Germany”.

Foundation of the city in episcopal Saint-Avold

An Irish monk of the name of Fridolin, coming from Poitiers into 509, creates an oratorical named Hilariacum , with the site of Saint-Avold, before founding the Monastère of Sickingen. Holy Sigisbaud, bishop of Metz, which, towards 720, makes build an abbey under the term of Saint-Pierre. Holy Chrodegang, bishop of Metz minister of Charles Martel and Pip the Brief, introduced there the rule bénédictine holy Benoit. He allows, at the time of a voyage to Rome, on August 24th, 765, to transfer the Relique S from Saint Nabor. August 24th remains the date of veneration and pilgrimage. A village develops extra muros with the shade of the monastery, famous abbatias Sancti-Naboris , famous for its Scriptorium and placed under the protection of the bishops of Metz. Angelram, thirty-sixth bishop of Metz from 766 to 791, would have lived there like simple monk.

At, the inhabitants of Saint-Nabor place themselves under the protection of a laic lord called Avoué, asked to protect them. The hereditary solicitors of the bishops of Metz are initially the episcopal counts of Metz. Mgr Etienne de Bar (1121-1162) entrusts about 1160 the Avouerie of Hombourg - Saint-Avold, i.e. the city and a score of villages, with the counts of Saarbrucken and Créhange. Under the protection of the bishop, Saint-Avold develops. Mgr Renaud de Bar frees it in 1302. It becomes the political chief town of the avouery, sits of a particular justice, the mother-court and civil administration. A right of middle-class is instituted with possibility for its inhabitants of electing a council of city and of taking taxes. The city obtains usual or Stadtrecht , definitively codified in 1580, which specifies the work of the municipal institution. A first hospital is founded in 1313 by the abbot Jean de Saint Nabor. A second institution is created in 1426 by the couple Elkine von der Linden and Anselm, clerk. In 1534, its administration passes to the middle-class.

The city is an active shopping mall, being used as relay for the French and Lorraine merchants who go towards the the Rhine, Nancy and Vaudrevange, capital of the bailliage of Germany. Large corporation S of merchants is created, the such tanners, Tisserand S and butchers. They export their products in everyone Rhenish. Six fairs animate each year the local economy at the 16th century. They attract merchants Dutch, German, French and Lorraine. One exchanges there Cuivre, Chanvre and Laine. This development attracts the covetousness of other territorial lords. The bishops then decide to strengthen Saint-Avold in 1327. The maintenance of the Rempart S is done thanks to a tax on the goods, the Octroi granted by the bishop of Metz, Adhméar de Monteil in 1360.

The city is a single Paroisse. It has a church built in Gothic style about 1300, dedicated to the saints Apôtre S Pierre and Paul, increased about 1500 by the Adam abbot of Roupeldange. This church is used for the parochial Culte until in 1792, date on which it unused and is replaced by the church Abbatiale, after the removal of the monastery of the Benedictines.

Duchy of Lorraine to the kingdom of France

May 16th, 1572, the cardinal Charles I {{er}} of Lorraine, bishop of Metz, yields the avouery to its nephew Henri I {{er}}, duke of Own way, which advances to him: 18000 Guilder S of gold. In his turn, the duke of Own way yields by treaty new the Fief to king de France, then reconsidering the decision, it sells it on November 24th, 1581 for: 96000 ecu S with his/her cousin Charles III, duke of Lorraine. The city is then integrated in the Duché of Lorraine, state independent which knows its golden age. It forms a Seigneurie of about thirty localities, managed by a Baillif ducal bench with the Château of Hombourg. Its lieutenant settles in Saint-Avold, economic capital of the seigniory.

The city takes part in the development of the duchy. She knows an economic and demographic expansion remarkable. The duke of Lorraine Henri II yields his grounds in 1621 to Henriette of Lorraine and Louis de Guise, which stimulates the trade and the economy of the seigniory. He creates a glassmaking with the locality Ambach . The Henriette princess founds in 1631 the Couvent bénédictines in spite of the threats of the Guerre Thirty Year old. Those create the first bilingual school young girls of the area.

During the Thirty Year old war, the city is several times occupied and plundered by French, Swedish, imperial and Lorraine. Taking away and wars make disappear most of the population. Many died, others flee towards the Rhenish countries and natives of the Moselle region. The city counts nothing any more but eighteen inhabitants in 1656, against two thousand in 1621. The treaties of Ryswick and Paris, of 1697 and 1718, see peace settling. Demography naborienne is restored in 1750-1760, strengthened by the contribution the Tyrol IEN of the years 1700-1720. The measurements taken by the duke Léopold I {{er}} after 1698 in the economic domains and administrative support the rebuilding of Saint-Avold, then designated like Chef-lieu of a Prévôté of twenty-three villages in a bailliage of Germany reconstituted. The economic revival of the years 1715-1730 sees the construction of more than two hundred new houses, the re-establishment of its fairs. New a Town hall is built in 1735 and the urban landscape of the city changes. A whole of beautiful fountains built by the master mason Melchior Spinga decorate several districts. A new post office building is built in 1723. Beautiful middle-class residences, with the carved doors and mansard-roofed windows , testify to the richness of the commercial middle-class. The beautiful 18th century leaves its print to the center town.

Several dynasties of artists are established in Saint-Avold during the rebuilding of the abbey in 1720-1790 such Metzinger and Melling, the latter being originating in the country of Thionville. The Rempart S of the city disappear between 1710 and 1720. The city finds its role of stage city between the Germanic world and France. Besides a certain number of families naboriennes (Avrange, Kaiser, Hennin) choose to serve the emperor and accompany the duke by Lorraine François in Austria, where they will make beautiful careers in the administration and the army.

The reign of the Polish king Stanislas is only nominal, its intendant François Chaumont of Galaizière having already introduced the French system of the Corvée and the Milice. In 1751, prévôté is removed. The city is included in spite of it in the bailliage of the Boulay-Moselle, which includes/understands more than seventy boroughs and villages. The abbey church where a famous school trains the children of the lit middle-class, is rebuilt of 1754 to 1769 in the traditional style, according to the plans of Dom Léopold Durand, also architect with Echternach. The Orgue S are built by the organ builder Barthelemy Chevreux in 1770-1771, while Jacques Gounin, sculptor very known in the counties of Nassau- Saarbrucken and Deux-Ponts, works new the organ case in 1769.

Revolution with the annexation

Started and accepted in general joy, the civil Constitution of the clergy in 1791 will share the opinions in addition already irritated after the dissolution of the monastic orders. The Terreur causes the emigration of sixty-three people in 1793. Saint-Nabor becomes Rosselgène and the Supreme worship Être is instituted, while the priests Réfractaire S profit from the vast complicity of an increasing part of the population. The new elected magistrate tries to adapt to the crisis situation. The new municipality faces a degraded financial position and continual passages of troops. It is chief town of canton and is integrated with difficulty in new the department created in 1790, in spite of the assistance of its first deputy, Joseph Becker (1743-1812), the only one of the elected officials natives of the Moselle region to have voted against the execution of Louis XVI. The Consulat then the Empire bring back the calm one in the spirits and religious peace, thanks to the moderation of Jean Nicolas Houllé, archpriest of Saint-Avold. A certain economic prosperity develops until 1813. The mode of Napoleon I {{er}} profits there from a broad popularity thanks to the action of the general-baron Georges Kister (1755-1832).

In January 1814, the general Gerhard Leberecht von Blücher establishes his general headquarter with Saint-Avold. The Bavarian occupation continues until 1814-1818 and the city counts in garrison a regiment of cavalry. At the political level, the city accompanies all the regime changes without any resistance. Nevertheless, Napoleon III is very popular there.

The Industrialization develops during first half of the 19th century. Manufacture Creuset S, Fonderie, manufactures Flanelle S, Tuile laughs, Brasserie, manufactures Prussian blue , Faïencerie, fifteen Tannerie S, ensure of work many naboriens like the inhabitants of the canton. Nevertheless much of naboriens, in front of the hardness of the living conditions, the epidemic S and Famine S of 1817-1818, 1849 and 1866, emigrate towards the the United States. Certain families, like Hake and Laughed them, make fortune in the New World. The situation will change as from 1851. The opening of the way of Railroad Metz-Saint-Avold in 1851, then Saint-Avold Forbach - Saarbrucken in 1852, as well as the discovery of the coal to Carling with the opening of the well max in 1862, will sit the prosperity of the city. The day before 1870, the country naborien undergoes a deep economic metamorphosis, like the whole of the east native of the Moselle region. The city, integrated well in the national community, sees the birth of twenty-three generals of which Edouard Hirschauer (1857-1943), future founder of the French Aéronautique. It is the birthplace of the father Eugene Braun (1825-1882), founder of the maidservants of the Sacré-coeur of Jesus, established in France, England and Austria.

The Wilhelmienne period

After 1870, the economic integration of the city included in the Kreis or rings of Forbach is done in a very slow way until 1885-1890. As from the years 1890, the city knows a new vocation with the arrival of the soldiers and their families and a rapid expansion thanks to the dynamism of the German Empire. The agglomeration develops towards north on an axis connecting the city to the barracks De Brack ( Jägerkaserne ), Lahitolle ( Artilleriekaserne ), Mahon ( Ketzerratkaserne ) and Hamon ( Bahnhofskaserne ), the latter being occupied by the Uhlan S. the Protestantisme experiences a development fulgurating with in 1889, the construction of the Temple of the garrison. In 1900, the city reaches them: 5000 inhabitants, it passes to: 6400 inhabitants in 1910, of which: 2500 soldiers. It takes part in the general prosperity of the Empire and obtains new infrastructures (Tramway, water, gas and electricity), thanks to the very dynamic mayors of career, of which Joseph Koestel. At the same time are built a military hospital, an infirmary and a Mess of the officers.

The garrisons introduce lines of business for the provisioning commercial. The taverniers benefit from the military activities and animation downtown. New constructions carry the neogothic print of the and Néorenaissance. The law courts and the hospital are carried out by Weissdorf in a neo-classic style. The end of the 19th century sees to be definitively established the space organization of the city. The commercial streets are those of Poincaré and Hirschauer and the place of the Victoire, those of the services and finances in the streets of the Americans and De Gaulle. The military nobility occupies the new street Houllé, the Clémenceau avenue and the street of the Career, the craftsmen and workmen the streets of the Tanners, the Mountain, the Hospital and Mertzelle, whereas the barracks are built in periphery. This period sees the birth of Adrienne Thomas (1897-1980), writer of German language, author in 1933 of a Best-seller, Catherine soldier or Kathrin wird Soldat , delivers antimilitarist condemned by the Nazis. She dies in Vienna in Austria, in 1980. She will be rehabilitated by her birthplace thanks to the creation of a prize awarded by the municipality to young historians working on Saint-Avold.

After 1918, the city preserves its aspect of garrison town. The coal development makes of Saint-Avold a town of residence. In 1928-1930, the carboniferous company the Saar and the Moselle built Ex nihilo for its personnel a city of six hundred and fifty residences, the city Jeanne d' Arc, located near the Sainte-Fontaine well. With the census of 1926, the population is of: 3412 inhabitants. It triples in 1931 with: 8264 inhabitants. The new arrivals are especially of Polish origin and forward by the Westphalia to work in the Lorraine coal mines. : 1205 Polish lives in Saint-Avold in 1931, of which: 1032 in the new city Jeanne d' Arc. The city suffers from the proximity of the Ligne Maginot built as from 1928, much of industrialists feel reluctant to settle so close to a potential face. In 1940-1944, the city, as the remainder of Lorraine, pays a heavy tribute with the war with the evacuation, the plundering of the inheritance, the dictatorship Nazi, the bombardments of which that, devastator, of November 9th, 1944. The the American cemetery, largest of Europe with its: 10489 tombs testifies to the sacrifices authorized at the time of the release of the city, the November 1944, and of the hard combat in Germany.

Industrial revival according to war

Thanks to its pleasant site, with its situation of crossroads and its distance of the industrial park, the city becomes a residential center of the basin. From 1945 to 1966, the Collieries build there more: 1300 residences and the population increases: 7054 with: 18000 inhabitants, divided in the cities of Wenheck, the Career, Emile Huchet and Arcadia. The development of the Thermo plant Emile Huchet becomes exceptional extensive between 1949 and 1960. The coking plant of Carling is born with the development of the process of carbonization. This platform gives birth after 1954 to various factories and installations whose whole represents one of the most important chemical platforms of France.

As of the years 1960, the city continues its expansion towards north and, is accelerated by the construction of the Autoroute Metz-Saarbrucken. The city continues a policy of industrial diversification with the creation of the ZIL of the Large-Beech, artisanal and industrial zone, in 1968-1969, as well as an industrial park in Hollerloch in 1975, on a space of forty six hectares occupied by forty seven companies. This powerful economic development supports the expansion of the city and the canton. In the years 1960-1970, the city obtains modern infrastructures: two colleges: the general high school and technological Charles Jully, and the general high school Poncelet; three colleges and a swimming pool with sports complex worthy of a chief town city of canton. She knows a population growth of 1,42% between 1968 and 1975, higher than the French average. June 28th, 1964 takes place the concretization of the Franco-German reconciliation by twinning with Dudweiler, in the Saar.

A city trustful in the future

With orée of the new century, after-coal and petrochemical industry support a new economic development. With: 17000 inhabitants, the city knows an average growth higher than the other cities of the coal basin. After having put on the quantitative and immediate aspects in the strategy of the development, it seems that one directs oneself henceforth towards industrial diversification and the qualitative aspects. Years 1990 see the creation of a regional center of tests and applications in Plasturgie inaugurated on June 29th, 1990, increased in front of its success growing in 1998 to reach a surface of: 1740 m ², with more: 1200 m ² of technical premises and 540 m ² of surface for the offices. More than one hundred fifty companies call upon its service in the fields of heavy chemistry. November 5th, 1994, the university of Metz inaugurates a IUT fine chemistry. In partnership with Saarbrucken is also created, within the framework of SIVOM, Europort specialized in logistics and transport, on an entire surface of one hundred hectares.

This industrial diversification does not go without a certain search for Quality of life. The city has a forest potential important. On the Hill of the Felsberg , the city arranged as from 1983, within the framework of a contract city-relay, a formed international center of meeting of a whole of rooms, a associative Restaurant and a ground of Camping. The Felsberg is a place attended by the tourists Dutch and German. The wooded solid mass of the forest of Saint-Avold allows the installation of an outdoor center as of 1965 and of a riding school with course of health. Studies are considered for the rehabilitation of the pond of Oderfang, disappeared in 1957 following pumping from the Ground water by the power station from Carling. The city develops also its cultural infrastructures. In January 1986, it inaugurates the Center of Cultural activity. It offers by this skew of the diversified spectacles of good behavior. A certain number of artists such Jean Marie Wallaster (1927-2000), Jean Schouler (1927-1984), Gabrielle Bouffay testify to the cultural reputation of Saint-Avold.

This one turns to challenges of the future and obtains industrial structures able to face the Mondialisation. Since September 1st, 2004, Saint-Avold creates the Communauté of communes of the Country Naborien which gathers the ten communes of ex SIVOM - Altviller, Carling, Diesen, Folschviller, Lachambre, the Hospital, Macheren, Porcelette, Saint-Avold and Valmont - of a total population of: 43076 inhabitants. The creation of this inter-commune public corporation located in the middle of a transborder space of more than: 1000000 inhabitants, offers real future prospects. To take up the challenge of economic development is one of the priority axes of this territory of a surface of: 10880 hectares. More than one hundred of companies are distributed on four zones of activities managed and developed by the Community of communes, namely the zone Europort de Saint-Avold, the zone Actival de Valmont, the Furst zone in Folschviller and the zone of Grunhof de Porcelette.

Administration

Economy

  • Metallurgy; mechanical engineering; coking plant, Arkema chemistry, connect chemistry of the Total group.

Places and monuments

  • the the American cemetery, most important of Europe of the Second world war, which counts more: 10000 Tomb S.
  • the basilica Our-Lady-with-Bonsecours.
  • the abbey church Saint-Nabor, old church of the Abbey.
  • the temple protesting.
  • the vault Holy-Cross.
  • the synagog.
  • old fountains strewing the downtown area.

Administration

In 1965, the small commune of Dourd' Hal was attached to Saint-Avold.

Saint-Avold is divided into two cantons:

The Maire of Saint-Avold is André Wojciechowski.

Twinning

Saint-Avold cultivates bonds of Amitié with two other cities: Dudweiler in Germany and Fayetteville with the the United States (North Carolina). The Roundabout of the Europe which gives access to the downtown area, points out twinning free - German thanks to imposing a Monument representing a handle of Main S.

Gallery

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