Concept of " safety " indicate with ambiguity at the same time;

1. - a material state which results from the real absence of dangers
2. - the organization necessary to create or to perpetuate such a situation;

What can out of maritime matter enter in contradiction with the old universal principle of " freedom of the seas " , and to relate to public or private maritime fields concerned with the responsibility for States and/or the zones located out of territorial water, whereas the pollution or the source of a risk comes or moves towards other areas (the sea does not have a border; One says of the Mediterranean that it is more fragile because it is a closed sea, actually the ground is round and all the seas are closed). For the pollutants at long life of life and/or nonbiodegradable, the principle of dilution is thus not acceptable, the more so as of many marine animals are filterers (moulds, oysters in particular, who quickly can reconcentrer a diffuse pollution).

The field of the maritime security thus presents multiple stakes

- Enjeu of safety of the people and goods ; for the sailors, passengers, ships, and users of the sea and littorals, with increasing risks related to the high traffic of ships to increasingly high tonnage, the increasing speed of the fast ferries, and other transport travellers. The risk increases in the Détroit S and certain channels (Panama Canal, Suez Canal) and should increase with the projects of “highway of the sea” . Many not very deep water wrecks, in addition to which they are a source of pollution become also a source of accident risk for other ships.

- Stakes for the safety of the sailors , who represent today the most exposed population of the work world to the accident risk.

- environmental Stakes (ex: accidental pollution, illicit rejections)

- medical Stakes (the maritime transport is a source of transfers of microbes and propagules to epidemic potential). It has in the past implied for the diffusion of the epidemics of Peste and Spanish Grippe for example, from where the setting in Forty. New risks occur with the transport of Nuclear waste, water of ballasts and the circulation of ships or Sous-marin S with nuclear propulsion, and possibly armed with nuclear machines.

- economic Stakes : The loss of a ship and its cargo is a loss in value, just as the pollution induced by the shipwrecks, it is expensive to the insurers. This is particularly true for the giant ships or transporting precious substances.

Risks at sea

the risk can be dependant on the sea and its dangers . These dangers are natural and relatively foreseeable (storm, freezing, etc) or unforeseeable (Tsunami, collision with floating or semi-submerged object, Cétacé.). They are also anthropic (collision with submarine, another ship, wreck, contact with mine or immersed Munitions. The risk also depends on the state of the ships and competences of the crews (the human error is often at the origin of the accidents), of the dangerosity of the transported products and locally with the wars, acts of piracy or terrorism. The increasing density of increasingly fast ships and transporting tonnages growing of dangerous substances is another new risk factor.
Localement, the risk is exacerbated by the lack or the absence of heavy means of towing, héliportés means, complete coverage radar or satellite of the zone, or by the absence of coordination of the monitoring and the backup facilities, between country, even between areas of the same country.).

Risks for the man: The rate of accident and mortality is 7 times higher among sailors than at the hard-working of the building (trade more at the risk, with Bûcheron, on ground) (figure which can vary according to the countries and the houses of ship-owners).

This results mainly from two factors; work conditions in hostile environment that is the sea, and secondly the insulation and consequently the impossibility of rapid access to the doctor and the hospital. This last point is partly mitigated by a better training of the sailors first aid and by the development of the Télémédecine (which requires means of communication available however, in the language of the crew, and a minimum of material of care on board).

Among the risks related on the people and the situation of insulation, the Drowning; wet Drowning, Noyade dries, following Hydrocution, Baïne, Hypothermie is that which is often fears, as the Attaque of marine animals is rarrissime, but must be considers in the zones rich in shark, for a casualty losing of blood. If the Scurvy, became rare, all Blessure, Brûlure, Fracture, Maladie (in particular contagious and acute), or Food poisoning even apparently bégnine is source of risk and a Danger at sea, just as the sea sickness and any event severely affecting the moral one of the crew. The Déshydratation is a frequent problem at sea, in particular in the shipwrecked men. The Hydrocarbure S are finally always a source of fire hazard or explosion.

the current risks for the ship vary according to the boat, the place, the season and the situation, but one can quote the engine failure or loss of maneuverability (Pb rudder.), the Rippage of cargo, the fire on board or the Explosion, the failure/stranding and the Abordage/Collision or the Naufrage, the water way resulting from a hull corroded and in certain areas the piracy.

Risks for the environment : They are mainly the induced Pollution (Oil slick, loss of Conteneur S containing of the substances Toxique S, fire pollutants, etc which are sources of Pollution S chronicles and specific.

Prevention of the risks at sea

It passes clearly by the Formation of the men , the shrinking of the ships which are not any more in a position to sail (see role of the Société of classification) and a better coordination of the means of monitoring, police force of the sea and help.
La prevention of the position risks also passes by the knowledge of the risks (=> Cartes of the risks and the dangers) and of the vulnerability of the marine ecosystems and littorals, which are the object today only little of research, when they do not have halieutic or economic interest direct.

International regulation

• STCW 95, international convention on the standards of training of the sailors.
• Procedure ISM for the maritime companies
• Code of the sea
• international Payment to prevent the boardings at sea

Construction and exploitation of the navires
International convention on the safeguard of the human life at sea

• international Regulation
• Solas 1974
• Devices of Safety in the ports and aboard ship (following the attacks of September 11th)
• international Code for the safety of the ships and the harbor installations

International convention of 1966 on the lines of load

• international Regulation
• International convention of 1966 on the lines of load

Provision against pollution

• international Regulation
• Marpol

Forecast of the risks at sea

the prevention passes by the forecast of the risk. In addition to a work of Prospective in the long run which concerns the competent authorities as regards Town and country planning and management of the port S, the follow-up Radar and satellite, the material progress, associated with the weather forecast and the good training of the men, contributes to decrease the accident risk. The maritime security tends to adapt the methods of Contrôle of the air traffic, but without having for the moment the means of them. One of the difficulties is the good management of the Transport of dangerous matters (TMD), which could lead for example to a Nuclear accident whereas the context of liberalization encouraged by the Flags of convenience tends to the reduction of the costs and the relative number of personnel of crew.

Crisis management:

It implies the existance permanent cells of crisis in all the littoral countries, immediately operational and laying out of the means of coordination, planning, exercises into full scale, and action (ocean-going tugs, héliportés, average means of pumping and application of pollutants, etc, and to have identified beforehand;

vulnerability of the littorals and economic activities (fishing, shellfish farming, tourism…), and that of the marine ecosystems (including from the point of view of their functionality for fishing (spawning grounds, nourriceries, etc),

zones and port-refuges, the network of the means specialized of help and their

availability the risks sources on the “rails” and in the ports, of which some concentrate many dangerous matters, explosive, etc,

the taking into account of the environment in the building sites of depollution.

possible roles of the means and the town councilors to facilitate the interventions of the communities.

stakes (to be treated on a hierarchical basis) to target the investment useful for the maritime security

Help at sea

The assistance of the closest people passes by the good progress of alarm and the First aid then by the watery Sauvetage, which always must, like the distant rescue, capacity to rest on;

1. Of the operational means of rescue , which are individual (buoy,], Combinaison of survival, etc) and/or collective , embarked (clean with the ship), such as Life raft, Radeau of survival, Canot of help, means of indication. An international code of signals (signals floating, sound, luminous, radiotelephonic, with the voice, arm with or without house S) allows the crew of a ship, a raft of survival, or with a simple individual to emit hazard warning signals. The other backup facilities come from ground or other ships which are diverted to carry help following a description or distress call. In addition to the traditional mirrors, whistles and Foghorn, at least in the rich countries, the sailor in distress lays out today of pyrotechnical Engins, SMDSM, Inmarsat, transmitting receiver portable SMDSM, Radiobalise (ex: Cospas-Sarsat), making it possible to send in an active way or passivates Signals hazard warning
2. the assistance to ground ; In France for example, the CROSS-COUNTRY RACE and semaphores of the National marine carry out a permanent day before throughout the French littoral (visual, radar, radio). The CROSS-COUNTRY RACE (in France) MRCC (international denomination) organize the rescue operations “international convention SAR”, they can mobilize and use all the means of the various civil administrations (of which Civil security) and soldiers (national marine, firemen, Douane S, Maritime businesses, like those of SNSM)
3. remote medical help , which develops with for example the Télémédecine, the maritime Center of doctor visit, of the systems type Esculape http://www.esculape.com/
   

Esculade pro: http://www.esculapepro.com/index.cfm

In Europe

Europe which prepares a news European Politique of the sea (cf Delivers green, published in 2006), follows Commissions OSPAR and HELLCOM, discusses with CRPM “Conference the maritime outlying areas Europe” which lays out of an work group “ Maritime security ”. A European Agency of Maritime security, was recently made up which must however take account of the delicate rules of subsidiarity . It could possibly create a European body of coastguard, define vulnerable zones, encourage the mutualisation of observation and information systems, reflection on safety and the intermodality/coastal traffic. A CRPM ( Conference of the outlying areas and maritime ) makes it possible to make go up proposals at the European commission.

In France

The maritime security is in France within the competence of the individuals for the application of the law and the good practices, and the State represented in Handle/the North Sea by the maritime police chief (of Cherbourg). It organizes a maritime Regional conference , place of information for the representatives of the users of the sea and the elected officials of the littoral. Exist also a Observatoire of the littoral (based with IFEN), a littoral Commission of the National Commission of Town and country planning (DATAR, become DIACT).

France is one of the countries most exposed to the maritime catastrophes, and it has at the XXe known century of many accidents and serious pollution. In handle/the North Sea, the risk is attenuated by the sandy funds, whereas they are often rock elsewhere, but they are exacerbated by the importance of the currents, the traffic (highest in the world), by the frequency and the quantitative importance of the dangerous cargoes, and by the presence on the littorals of harbor or littoral installations at the risk (nuclear Sévéso/). In the event of serious accident, the dominant currents and winds expose important zones for fishing, and of the areas very densément populated in the event of major accident (Northern of France, Belgium and Netherlands, or south-west of England).

Formation : To deal with the new needs in particular related to the application for the laws and European directives as regards safety martitime and for environmental protection sailor, the School of the merchant navy (EMM), the University of Le Havre and the Maritime businesses created in 2007 new a maritime Diplôme of expert (continuing education over 18 months, in particular intended for commercial naval officers having five years of experience of navigation or more, and for the officers of the National marine, possibly reprocessed). The formation must make them qualified as regards analysis of risk and dangers in the fields of the accidents, damages, ports, transport, environment… and able to be based on new technologies. Teachers and professionals whose occupational Union of the maritime experts (UPEM), the French Association of the maritime experts (AFEXMAR) there will be like trainers.

Famous shipwrecks

• List of famous shipwrecks

Survival at sea

• Alain Bombard

Internal bonds

• Plane Risk
• Prevention
• Polmar
• Lifeboat
• Drome of rescue
• OSPAR, HELCOM (international commissions, respectively for the western North Atlantic, and the Baltic)
• Fireman
• immersed Ammunition

For France: Maritime police chief, maritime Services, CROSS-COUNTRY RACE, CESAME, Customs, Civil security, Prefect with safety, Tug boat, pilot, maritime Institute of prevention (IMP).

External bonds

• Gate Maritime security of the French government
• Gate Maritime security Canadian government
• Césame (Saint-Malo training center)
• SURTYMAR: The gate on maritime safety

Sources

Random links:

Crévoux | New Times | Gurbax Malhi | The Community of communes of Dormouse and Rocked | Igman