Russian Maffia
The Russian Mafia is a criminal organization called also Organizatsiya (in Cyrillique, Организация ) or " Red Maffia ". It is a term given to many criminal organizations of different ethnic origins and which appeared after the dislocation of the Soviet ex-Union. Among these last, one finds Mafiosi Tchétchène S, Géorgiens, Ukrainian, Armenian S, Azeri S, Russian S and the other resulting ones from the various Republics of the the ex-USSR. Through these various groups, one finds various criminal organizations such as for example in Russia the Muscovite branches Dolgoprudnenskaya, Izmailovskaya and Solntsevskaya .
Actually, in Russia, there was always a network of illegal organizations which, unlike the Mafia Sicilian, does not have a vertical structure which coordinates its activities. They are not ordered by only one and even head. They are divided into several more or less powerful groups on local bases (they can nevertheless embrace whole provinces easily even Republics).
For each organization one finds at the top a godfather. He controls an assistant whom one called in the past " the brigadier" and which would name today the " First Loyal" (ПервыйВерный). It narrowly would be supervised and controlled so that it does not take too much importance and that it does not represent a direct threat for the godfather. It must be married (sometimes with a woman or a close relation of the family of the Godfather) and should not succumb to the charms of the entraîneuses ones.
To integrate these organizations, the candidates must subject themselves to initiatory rites. Following the example Yakuza S with the Japan or other criminal organizations foreign, they can have Tatouage S which make it possible to distinguish them and to mean their membership precise.
These Maffia, also called " mafya" , are organized in a rather political way and are related to the crimes and with the illegal actions most various such as, the Racket, removals and the assassinations, the Corruption civils servant and political personalities (in his report/ratio for 2005, Transparency International places Russia at the 128ème place on 146, whereas it appeared in it in the 90ème in 2004), the drug trafficking and of weapons, the Money laundering, the Prostitution, the Proxénétisme, the treats women, the clandestine passage, removals, the Extorsion S, the infiltration of legal companies and the " cyber-crime" , in particular the fraudulent use of credit cards and flight of confidential informations.
History of the Russian Maffia
In spite of the fact that the organized crime seems to emerge at the time of the fall of the the USSR, it is in fact deeply enraciné in the history and the Russian culture . There actually always existed in the form of rebelled open against the system, in particular during the imperial period and Communiste.
“Robbers in the law” of the time of the Tsar S
In the company tsarist of the Russia of before the Russian Revolution 1917, a Caste robbers reigned on the world of the organized crime. Structured around a strongly hierarchical organization, dominated by the “Robbers in the law” ( vori v zakone - in Cyrillic: Ворвзаконе , terminology employed as from the years 1930) the categories of criminals the most respected carried on " illegal activities; techniques" , each one specialized in a precise field such as, Pickpocket S, Burglar S, Swindler S… The authors of crimes of blood then did not form part of the respected categories. The regional and local criminal organizations had their own common case. Calculated according to a percentage relating to the spoils carried out, each robber contributed to feed it. The funds were used to develop the criminal activities of association but also to help the prisoners and sometimes their family. Those which protected the common case were elected. Their rules of life and their habits strict proceeded owing to the fact that they considered that they belonged to the aristocratic class Russian. They obeyed a code of ethics which considered the crime like a way of living and not like a means of growing rich. The rules or “Law S”, were to be rigorously observed by those which were regarded as authentic and sizeable criminals: Also, in their code of honor one could find a multitude of rules such as the refusal to collaborate with the representatives of the State, the refusal to take part in political organizations, trade-union or military, the refusal of proselytism, engagement in an criminal activity in a permanent way, to have remained in a durable way in prison, the contempt of the richness. The “traditional” criminals are characterized by an explicit will to live in margin of the company. The Tatouage S are frequent signs of recognition and constitute a kind of " curriculum vitae vitae" of the robber. Nonthe compliance with these rules led obligatorily to a judgment in front of the court of the robbers and to graduated and sometimes severe sentences (pecuniary penalties, throttling, poignardage).
The organized crime of the time of Lénine while passing by Stalin until the Eighties
- the Bolsheviks, rejoining them with their cause, did not delay, within the framework of the Russian revolutions, to make these effective and organized robbers, the powerful allied ones. In the spirit of the revolutionists Bolchevik S, all that could serve the Communisme was moral. Well before the events of 1917, Lénine solicited members of the organized crime to seize the richnesses of the Tsar with an aim of destabilizing the mode financially and of supporting the revolt.
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As soon as Stalin seized the power it did not hesitate to use them insofar as they had a profile and a social behavior near to certain communist principles (example: collective organization, management and levelling redistribution of part of the spoils) contrary to the political opponents and the dissidents. The Soviet prisons were populated awkward robbers but who ensured the maintenance of law and order in exchange of some privileges.
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During the Communist period , on bottom of corruption and plundering of the centralized economy, one attends marriages between " Apparatchik " and criminal Russian.
The “economic criminals” were and are always closely related to the evolution of the Soviet company. According to certain researchers, they would have appeared, in the years 1960, at the moment when the underground economy was structured in Soviet Union. The Tsekhoviki, elite of the economic banditism, beside the legal economy sold consumer goods struck by the shortage. These clandestine producers, played a considerable part in the development of the organized crime. The majority of the supposedly foreign current consumer goods, in particular “imported” clothing, were actually Contrefaçon S then produced with Leningrad and its area. Teneviki, not very scrupulous business men, resorted to illicit practices such as corruption, the abuses, falsification of documents, the attacks with the property or the Spéculation. The latter were based on family ties associating, family, common territorial membership, knowledge of the other, existence of contacts privileged with the Nomenklatura of the Party or the administration. The relations with the criminal medium were essential. The Teneviki which were often themselves victims of extortions and other ill will, were obligatorily to request protection of the Pègre and in exchange to contribute financially to the common case. At a meeting of the criminal medium in the Seventies, this financial participation would have been fixed at 10% of the benefit carried out.
Perestroika with the fall of the the USSR
At the time of the Perestroika, men informed and effective, knowing the wheels of the system and associated to the men of “the anti-system” in occident constituted what one will call later the “Russian Maffia”. It results in the logical fusion of the capacity and the gangster organizations. With the beginning of the year 1980, economic criminality would have started to be organized starting from a unit stable and structured interactions giving a certain impulse to the relational development of the business world. During years 1980, the authorities of the ex-USSR slackened controls in the economic domain and social. The various ethnicities were the first to benefit from it to increase their influence and to increase their territory, such as for example in the areas of the the Caucasus (Georgia, Chetchnia and Azerbaïdjan), in Ouzbékistan, with the Kazakhstan, or even in the Crimea. All the groups originating in these areas installed heads of bridge with Moscow in order to make there forward and invest illicit capital. The “economic criminals” who had developed an important relational network with the leading elites and the criminal medium, worked out complex strategies of clandestine production, trade and flow of goods. This play of the interactions will lead to the solid constitution of a Russian “organized crime” as of the end of the year 1980. In May 1988 the " Soviet law on the coopération" supported the emergence of a medium of businesses and at the same time the economic activities criminal and the Maffias. This new class of businesses, often young person, in the flexibility and the speed of adaptation, took an active part in this economic process. In the first times, thankless struggles burst for questions of conflicts of interests, but very quickly the various belligerents got along on a common step. The traditional medium softens its operation with regard to the business world, and established closer contacts with the political institutions and administrative. In parallel, one observed a contagion of the operating processes gangster within the business world and political Russian S such as the use of violence, the blackmail, the fraud, corruption, and the use of a certain slang. Vis-a-vis the deficiencies of the State to set up a system of regulation of the social activities, abstract rules of behavior replaced the formal laws then non-existent and vague. Social control escaping an outgoing State, alternative social institutions inspired of the traditional criminal codes replaced the inoperative institutions in the taxation, justice or even the dispute. There is thus nothing astonishing so that the entire country was thereafter the object of true a " hold-up" economic.
The collapse of the Soviet block and the development of the Russian Maffia
Thus, in the middle of the political chaos which touched the ex- Soviet Union these two last decades, after the fall of the Communisme and the end of the Cold war, the organized crime, far from being repressed, developed and was propagated quickly, infiltrating the political institutions, the economic world and slowing down the new democratic reforms in the 15 Republics. With the beginning of the year 1990, the business world and the civils servant corrupted supervised opportunities. Within the the KGB (Committee of safety of the State), d" quantity; agents with the solids knowledge and tested, had occupied of the stations of managers, administrators and industrialists, major asset in a world at the dawn of universalization. The latter naturally waited to seize the various key sectors of the Soviet economy. In a context of economic crisis and reductions of public manpower, much of graded and top-graded Soviet army and the KGB were congédiés, also, they became the chiefs of the various gangster organizations. Moreover, fallen in the most total destitution, many old government officials and soldiers turned logically to these criminal organizations. It is thought in particular that many soldiers resulting from the special forces from the Soviet ex-union (the Spetsnaz ) and famous for their brutality joined the Russian criminal organizations. In the same way, the Russian godfathers in the Mafia recruited various sportsmen, in particular those which practiced Olympic martial arts and athletes. In certain cases, the Russian Maffia could employ Olympic gunners of elite in order to eliminate from the undesirable people. Thus, the fall of the Soviet mode in 1991 was a true aubaine for the Maffias local. Those which had capital to invest were the same ones as those which had grown rich and which had the capacity during the period Communiste. They confiscated for their personal interest the strategic national wealths and goods such as the Pétrole, the Gaz, the rare metals and invaluable. Lastly, the opening of the borders enabled them to place at the shelter of the fortunes colossal and acquired illegally in sure countries in particular of the tax shelters.Thus, with beginning of the year 90, one sees many Slavic criminal groups developing. If their actions at the time are denounced besides by the international authorities the attention of these last related preferentially to the events and the war in Chetchnia between 1994 and 1996. This conflict supported and coincided with the proliferation of the organized crime in the big cities of Russia, in particular by the takeover by the gangs Tchétchènes of the agglomerations of Moscow and Saint-Petersbourg. To thwart this takeover (in particular the western southern zone of Moscow called also Yougo-Zapadnovo), the mayor of Moscow (following the pressure of the secret services) due to call upon Slavic criminal groups of Siberia in order to break hegemony Tchétchène in the capital. After the events of September 11th, 2001, the Caucasien S Moslems had evil to control their territory. To preserve their prerogatives and to be maintained with Moscow, they were obliged to pour important bribes with the authorities in place.
Context today
A country destabilized by the Maffia and in prey with violences
The operation of the Russian Maffia is comparable with legendary the Mafia Italian which it takes as a starting point much with internal confrontations, settlings of score and murders which are often of a great violence. The Russian Maffia is famous to be accustomed to practicing brutal actions and financing executions against the " balances" , of the traitors and those which were turned over against them. Regularly, she does not hesitate to kill the individual who has " sold the mèche" but also to make massacre its family. In the same way, it eliminates the too awkward competitors.
Anatomy of the criminal groups
Today, according to the reports/ratios of the Russian Ministry of the internal businesses, the Maffia, they are 100.000 members who owe allegiance with 5.600 criminal groups. The latter are very well organized and divided into autonomous cells of three or four individuals, so that the police force cannot reconstitute the organization in its globality. They roughly order 70 to 80% of the private sector is, 48.000 companies, 1500 public corporations and 800 banks. The Russian Maffia concentrates approximately 40% of the national wealth. A study carried out in 1995 near Russian contractors concluded that a company on four was rackettée by the Maffia. With Moscow, some 189 criminal organizations were active abroad into 1996,23 of them having ramifications
Criminal activities
Socio-economic context
In Russia, to succeed in passing through the crisis, the underground economy is an obligatory activity to survive. One finds of all on the Russian black-market. The business men are solicited by the state in order to seek in the world the current consumer goods in deficiency in the country in order to resell them and this, without paying the customs duties. The government closes the eyes on their activities while hoping that the latter will contribute thanks to their benefit to invest in the economy of the country. Thus, the situation which the Russia knows since the collapse of the Communisme supported the development of the illicit practices in particular because to take the control of a company lately privatized there is simple. Vis-a-vis the dysfunction of the banking system of the country, between 1992 and 1994, the Russian Maffia sought to seize the key sectors of the economy and finance. At the beginning, the criminal organizations could appreciate to place their dirty money in " Holding " legitimate, but very quickly she realized that they could take themselves the control of the banking and private independent groups of the country. Thus, the Russian Maffia, organized around " Bratva " (brotherhoods), is known for its underground actions masked behind transactions known as clean.Indeed, they learned all the techniques from diversion of the richnesses, which they are material or immaterial. The shareholders are obliged to transfer 80% their profits with the administration, also, much of companies declare only 20% of their production. But it is not without risks, because the Maffia infiltrates the company in order to evaluate true volume of production, generally known of the majority of the employees. Thereafter, they threaten the owners to denounce them with an aim which they agree to pour half of their dividends. Many heads of undertaking still consider that this type of racket is preferable with the imposition of their benefit to a total value of 80% by the tax department. In the same way, a good part of not recognized companies tries not to pay taxes and tries to escape the tax pressure in order to succeed in surviving. They are thus illegal and require the protection of the Maffia against the governmental authorities Thus the companies must pay the “ krysha ” (what wants to say in Russian " toit" and which indicates an offering tax a protection forced) with the Maffia exchanges some which seized the control of an important part of the Russian economic market.
Today, these criminal organizations are famous to practice the loan with wear, the flight and the traffic of stolen vehicles, the murder, the diversion of national wealths, the traffic of weapons and other specialities as fraud with telecommunications by cloning of the numerical data of a cellular phone, with the detriment of the telco, more generally the cyber-crime, the swindle with the insurances, the extortion of moneies, the prostitution, traffic of stowawaies…
The headlight criminal activities
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illegal trade (Oil, Narcotic S, Weapon S, Prostitution…)
The Russian Maffias would draw also each year from the considerable profits, quantified of billion dollars, of the drug trafficking. The Russia became a colossal consumer of drugs. According to the official statistics, nearly 269.000 drug addicts would be recorded today but the real figures are probably largely in on this side. According to the estimates of the the United Nations, the benefit drawn from the interior market are evaluated to approximately seven billion Dollar S. The structure of the market changes. One sees developing drugs of high concentration like Afghan heroin. The production of the narcotics in the country increases including cheap synthetic drugs leading to an immediate dependence. The number of narco-laboratories in Russia increased, these last years, in a considerable way.
The traffic of weapons contributed to also largely enrich the Russian Maffia. Following the fall of the Communism, the State was not able to control and supervise stocks of the Red Army . Many weapons were found on the Black-market. Sold by soldiers needy or avid, they became an object of daily violence in Russia and more especially in the big cities like Moscow. The sale of weapons was not limited to the country but very quickly was the object of a vast international traffic and very lucrative.
The Russian women are also largely used by the organized crime. The prostitution and the traffic of women are important activities of the Russian Maffia. She does not hesitate with " recruter" in the back country, often in the most miserable areas of Russia, naive young women and in the need to plunge them of force in the prostitution. These criminal organizations their fact of gleaming the joys of a better life in the Western countries. One makes them believe that they will work in the capacity of waitress, chambermaid, cooker or other trades of services. In exchange one ensures the possibility to them of following studies. But reality is quite distant from these empty promises. In the same way, the Russian young women are also used by the criminal groups to tap money with the men of the West in sentimental failure. Indeed, the Slavic beauty is particularly required by the Westerners. These young women are registered on meeting places and starts to exchange messages and photographs with various men in evil of love. The latter are not long in falling quickly into the panel and fall in love with an often virtual person. After a certain number of exchanges the young woman proposes a series of arguments (sick mother, died father, difficult living conditions, alcoholism and violence of the men in Russia, unemployment…) very clever and benefit from the psychological weakness of the applicant enthusiast to tap money to him which it sends by Mandat cash. This money is supposed to help it with better supporting misery in Russia, constituting papers to leave the country and to pay the voyage. After gradually taphaving tapped certain rather important money sums and, soft and young person promised is not already any more that one to remember and its address Internet is not active any more. Actually, this practice is only one vast swindle often orchestrated by the criminal organizations and of which are victims a great number of Westerners.
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forced protection
But the first groups of racketeers were especially used to offer to a physical protection against other criminal organizations and to cover the debts. The racketeers tap important sums with the companies in their offering a protection, the “ krysha ” (what wants to say in Russian " toit" and which indicates in fact forced protection), against of other criminal organizations. One can consider that a gangster group “controls” a company when, in addition to physical protection, it introduced there an accountant or an inspector member of his organization. This level, the crime is not regarded any more racket but as forced partnership. Finally when a criminal group puts a term by violence at the problems of a protected company, it returns in the capital of this company and introduced some of its members into the board of management. While becoming shareholder, it diversifies and increases thus its sources of revenue. For the company customer, these payments constitute costs of transaction. Many small and average Russian companies are under the control of the criminal organizations, either because they are the emanation they same of these groups, or because of parallel activities, or because they yielded to the threats and the intimidations. It is an established fact that the organized crime in Russia constitutes better guaranteed protection and is more effective than the bodies of State in the resolution of the difficulties with which are confronted daily the Russian business men. According to a study of 1996 - 1997, 11% of the contractors would have admitted having used of the force to solve their problems. Among the latter, 42% were already tested in the use of these methods and 53% admitted to pay sums at the protection services regularly. More than one third of them acknowledged that the level of these payments was important.
Since the installation of a legislative device of protection (the federal law on " activities of protection"), the old agents and officers of the KGB legally could enter on the market of private protection and the security services. In 2000, certain specialists estimated at 20%, the former executives of the safety of State engaged in the informal commerce of protection. This legalization of the trade of private protection has of this fact offered of new occasions of development to the criminal groups. The latter could create their own companies while engaging of the personnel of companies instituted originally by the police force which delegated part of work then to them. Thus, these seven last years, these are 25.000 companies of safety which were born, employing approximately 600.000 to 800.000 people. The Maffia controls the sixth roughly of it. The two-thirds do not pay taxes in the State.
Figures and examples of the criminal activities in Russia
Bank managers, business men and even of the journalists of investigation, were victims of assassinations or removals. In 1993, the eight criminal organizations who order the " hells of Moscou" assassinated alone, 10 local bankers. Taking again the tradition and giving themselves the nickname of “robbers in law” ( vori v zakone ), the Russian gangsters assassinated 95 bankers in the five last years. This attitude which seeks to legitimate their actions is in fact rather paradoxical when it is seen how were considered the criminals of blood by the “robbers in law” during the period tsarist. These assassinations say some long on the power of the organized crime in Russia, able to strike with the more high level in all impunity. Majority of the great criminal cases of these last years, like the assassination of the deputy Galina Starovoïtova in 1998 and the attempted murder against Anatoli Tchoubaïs (the owner of the Russian monopoly of electricity in 2005…), were never solved. It happens sometimes that the executants are judged but the silent partners always run. The last assassinations in date of bankers took place on October 16th 2005 and on September 13rd 2006. Alexandre Saveliev, president of two small banks closed by Andrei Kozlov, was killed by balls with his wife, her daughter and her beautiful mother, whereas their vehicle ran on a road of the surroundings of Moscow. The police force allotted the murder to the incapacity of the banker to face his credits after the closing of its bank. In September 2006, Andrei Kozlov, number two of the Russian Central bank is him even victim (her driver also), in a park of Moscow, of an active assassination. It is about the eminent personage assassinated since the come to power of Vladimir Poutine, in 2000. Demoralized, underpaid and sometimes corrupted, the police force is badly equipped to fight a which gallops violence and the ceaseless night shots. In 1993, the police reports of Moscow announce that it is more than 5.000 murders and 20.000 incidents related to crimes violent one which were entered in the capital. Since, the conditions were still not arranged, one estimates at approximately 10.000, the number of people deceased of the continuations of violences by firearms, and to 600 those which were killed following a contract put on their head.The economic power of the Russian Maffia doubles of a real political influence. Close links would link the secret services (FSB), the Maffia, and several tens of deputies of the Douma compromised in businesses of tax avoidance and corruption.
An international threat
The expansion of the " octopus russe" out of the borders is a significant example of the will of world domination of the organized criminal groups. Approximately 200 large criminal organizations operate in 50 countries with representatives in each important city (26 cities only in the United States). For example, the refuge of the Russian Maffia in the United States is the district of Brighton Beach (called by the Russians " Little Odessa ") in the District of Brooklyn to New York.En Europe, the Russian criminal organizations seem to have chosen the Central European countries (old East Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, Baltic States) as bases fold and like privileged centers of blanchiement of money. They are also active to differing degree in all the large countries of Western Europe.
Depuis these last years, FBI and the security services attempted to dismantle the Russian Maffia but the results remain to be relativized. Many mafiosi Russian grew rich considerably in America and started to imitate the Italian Mafia in their lifestyle. It seems thus that it had an apparent softening of the Maffia, but actually it forever be also dangerous.
Thus, less than five years after the collapse of the the USSR, the Maffia local had managed to control the three quarters of the economy of the country, and ten years to be exported afterwards on the five continents.
The Russian Maffia and alien companies in Russia
After the fall of the Communism and the opening of the country at the free market, an unknown number foreign business men, probably of the thousands, arrived to Russia at the beginning of the year 1990. They unloaded of all the corners of the world with an aim of making fortune. Many of these business men gave to this period the nickname of " second Gold rush ". During this period, one could distinguish two types of foreign business men, the ones happy and the other unlucky persons. For the first it constituted colossal fortunes and turned over in their country of origin with their family, their money and especially alive. These astute and opportunist foreign business men very quickly made enormous profits and at the good moment, mainly by acquiring of products at very low price whereas the Rouble was without value. They stored a time these goods in order to speculate and to resell them more expensive, in particular in dollar S American, after the currency took again value and that the market economy developed. Many became literally, of the day to the following day, millionaires. During this period, some benefitted from the very high interest rates paid by the Russian banks which received in deposit their money. So certain banks went bankrupt and the agents lost their assets, this network of foreign business men had the practice and knew this type of incident. Just before the bank does not go bankrupt, they transferred their money towards foreign banks, generally worms of the secret and numbered accounts Swiss large banks.Others " businessmen" foreigners, plus unlucky person, knew difficult situations and often fine tragedies. They were threatened, rackettés, removed and even carried out. The Maffia local, and even the corrupted officers of the Russian government stole their fortune to them.
During this period, these foreign, main business men of the " news économie" were admired in Russia. Compared to the average Russian, they carried out a way of life raised in particular in the big cities of Moscow and Saint-Pétersbourg. They lived in company of sumptuous women in the middle of the luxury, in splendid residences, in particular of the villas of campaigns, sometimes true palates, called " Datcha " . In the same way, they were pavanaient in the streets and drove foreign cars of prestige. True models, they prepared the way with ambitious Russian, in particular with the local business men who started to imitate them. The Russians assimilated in their language of the Anglicisme S to qualify men or ways of doing such as for example " biznesmen" (in the plural: “Biznesmeni”).
Thus, years 1990 were one wild and unstable period for the majority of the foreign business men who functioned in Russia. Very quickly, of the conflicts burst with the Russian gangsters and much were assassinated or wounded. The Russian Maffia saw in the business men a source of revenue and of considerable profit in a new and difficult economic context. Indeed, much of criminal groups, in exchange of a certain amount of money, offered a protection forced to the business men. The business man did not have to be concerned with his safety. Many left Russia after having been victims of threats or aggressions. Today the situation did not really develop.
In Russia, to make deals, the alien companies are systematically Racket tees and must pour up to 20% their benefit. To be unaware of the threats of the Russian Maffia leads irremediably to the tragedy. In front of the passivity of the State, the foreign companies are forced to pay the “ krysha ” with the various gangster groups.
More and more of american companies and Western are thus forced to engage of the bodyguards to protect the owners as well as the executives against the threats from extortion, the wild removals and assassinations.
Considering the incurred risks, the Western companies also logically sought to carry out joint operations or to join the new companies of the Soviet ex-Union.
There exist famous examples foreign business men victims of the Russian Maffia.
- Paul Tatum (American owner associated of the Radisson-Slavanskaya Hotel with Moscow) was touched with 11 recoveries with the head and the neck (its attacker could that it carried a Bullet-proof jacket) and was killed in a spectacular shooting in a station of Métro of Moscow in November 1996, to have refused to pay the “ krysha ” and have tried évincer its associate of the business.
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Ken Rowe, Canadian Business man, owner of company IMP and owner associated with the Russian company Aeroflot with the Aerostar Hotel with Moscow, accepted threats of the Russian Maffia if it did not accept to insert it in his business.
The Russian Maffia in the world
Since the middle of the Nineties, the Russian Maffia tries to extend its influence in all the parts of the world, more specifically on the American continent, generally by making drug trafficking and Trafic of weapons. Its arrival with caused conflicts violent one with the criminal organizations already in place such as the Italian Maffia or even the Yakuza S but it quickly knew to be essential and created alliances with its criminal counterparts. In addition, the worldwide market of drug, very gravitational financially, interests the Russian organized crime more and more. They penetrated in force the market in the United States in particular thanks to the traffic of heroin and cocaine. According to the estimates of the the United Nations, the benefit drawn from the interior market are evaluated to approximately seven billion Dollar S. It is what explains why the Colombia NS were combined with the Russians to import Cocaïne. Whereas formerly the drug trafficking was in Czech Republic the business of the organizations of the ic countries Balkan, today, it is the Russian Maffia which controls this market. The Russian criminal groups recognized in the Pervitine (a typically Czech drug manufactured starting from various drugs), the interest of a lucrative narcotic. This is why they put the hand on the networks of manufacture and distribution. The Russian Maffia gathered by the force and in a brutal way the manufacturers of Pervitine in Czech Republic in order to oblige them to produce drug of good quality, intended for export towards the countries developed, towards the Germany. mainly. In the same way they delocalized their production sites of the big cities towards places isolated or communes from less importance. The war in Afghanistan caused a crisis in the production of Héroïne. The Pervitine thus became a drug of substitution and very required on the Western market. The Russian Maffia also has active bonds with the African networks.Within the framework of the oil exportations, frauds with the fuel taxes were installation in California and with New York. The Russian criminal organizations managed to divert with their profit of the colossal sums which would actually have had to return at the State and estimated at approximately 5 billion dollars per annum. Many and complex financial montages were elaborate in order to make these benefit. More of vogue consists in creating a series of bogus companies which resell between them the fuel. At the time to determine that which was to pay the tax, it was impossible to recognize the debtor. The elaborate level of these frauds forced the American state to set up a legislative device intended to make pay the tax upstream possible.
The traffic of weapons is also an important source of incomes. The collapse of the Soviet mode and the absence of control of the State in many fields gave the possibility to the soldiers can scrupulous or in the need to sell stocks of the Red Army. Thus found itself on the worldwide market of the armament, of the conventional material military, nuclear and even space (AK-47, tanks, helicopters, missiles radio-controlled, plutonium for nuclear weapons and of the conventional armament) repurchased by the Russian criminal organizations. They would have had quasi the monopoly of it. Often, they are the poorest countries and most unstable politically (dictatorships, lords of war), located in the conflict zones of planet, which acquired of these armaments.
The Maffia is also particularly active in the Proxénétisme and the Prostitution. For the majority the young women arrive in clandestinity thanks to well organized networks. Albano-Kosovan belongs to the specialists in this field. They are found forced and forced to sell their bodies in the Western big cities. Continuously supervised by a procurer, they must give the near total of the money drawn from their " passes". In order to prevent that they do not escape and that they do not deliver information to the police force, these young women whose Middle Age is around 17 years, are regularly threatened (one threatens them to kill the members of their family in their country of origin). They were and are violated, forced and relieved of their passports. More than one half-million of prostitutes would operate in Western Europe under the control of Russian and albano-Kosovan procurers. They would bring back 100 million dollars each day.
Some think thus that the Russian Maffia is also in the middle of vast a traffic of stowawaies who wish to gain the Western Europe, more especially the Great Britain; no proof could confirm these suspicions.
The frauds also touch the operators of services of Télécommunication S. Of the specialists in the hacking pertaining to the Maffia or solicited (sometimes magré them) enter their computing system and download confidential informations (such as trade secrets, databases of customers, information on credit cards). Then, these Gang S of a new kind proceeds to Cyber-racket or sells trade secrets of a company with its direct competitors. They can require money for " patcher" the system against the other hackers. In the same way, it is more than 1 million credit card numbers which was stolen by the " cyber-criminels" Russian. The Russian police force stopped a Gang supposed hackers directed by a 63 year old man. The chief of the data-processing unit criminality of the police force of Moscow with revealed that these hackers used a Muscovite Cybercafé to subtilize approximately 300 credit card numbers of inhabitants of Western countries. In the same way, a known Russian cyber-robber under the name of Maxus flew of the credit card numbers of " universe of CD" (a retailer of the Web) by requiring in against part a ransom of 100.000 Dollar S. When he saw it refusing, he diffused 25.000 of these numbers on an Internet site. Maxus found forever. The Russian legislation with set up a legislative device making illegal the hacking of the computing systems. The government condemns the " cyber-bandits" with fines and custodial sentences being able to go up to 10 years. It established a special department of the technological crime but few businesses are informed.
National and ethnic composition
The Russian Maffia does not limit solely to the Russian people , but includes/understands a multitude of nationalities resulting from the ex- Soviet Union. Also, by extension one includes also the countries become independent but which belonged to the ex- the USSR.It there thus several Russian types of Jewish Maffia in particular made up of S and Tchétchène S.
The Tchétchène S
They compose (compared to the size of their population) a disproportionate and large quantity compared to the full number of members of the Maffia inside the Russia (most of the time one finds them in big cities like Moscow and Saint-Petersburg) of the Ukraine, and (more debatable) of the Bielorussia. However, they are much less present in other countries such as the the United States and Israel.
Thus, if Tchétchènes have an important capacity in Russia, they one play role limited apart from the borders.
Jewish Russian
They are also very present in the Russian criminal organization. Nevertheless, the subject is complex for several reasons.
Initially, the Juif S are as present out of the borders as inside even of the Russia because the the USSR more easily granted the right to them to emigrate because of their statute of political refugee.
In the second place, in spite of the Israeli law preventing with any immigrant (independently of the religion) having had criminal implications to receive the citizenship, the Russian Jewish gangsters arrived by multiple means to circumvent this payment and to profit from the Israeli citizenship. Moreover, much of gangsters not-Jews claimed in a fraudulent way to have a Jewish ascent in order to leave the USSR to gain Israel (where the Maffia russe¨avait established a great base of operation) and there to circulate easily. Reciprocally, some Jews in the Maffia hide actively or do not recognize their Jewish origin for various reasons.
Consequently, much of members of the Russian Maffia partially have a Jewish ascent, which they want or not to recognize it. Because of these factors, it is difficult to evaluate the number of Jews in the Russian Maffia. If they dominate of number by no means, they constitute a significant manpower within the total population.
Others
The Russian Maffia also includes/understands a multitude of other nationalities such as Ukrainian S, Belorusse S, Armenian S, Moldavian , Kazakh , Uzbeks, Géorgiens, Daguestan board, Azeri … Moreover, countries such as the Arménie, the Georgia, the Ukraine, the Estonia, the Lithuania, the Bielorussia, the Poland and the Moldavie has their own criminal organizations, these last maintaining the close links with the Maffia Russian.
NOTE : The majority of the criminal organizations and their members in Russia are Russian. Moreover, the majority of the violences perpetrated by the various criminal groups inside the borders and their members are also Russian.
Famous personalities belonging to the Russian Maffia
- Meyer Lansky
- Wlodzimierz Kowalski (Godfather of the largest Polish criminal organization)
- Alexander Solonik (celebrates fatal)
- Semion Mogilevich (commercial of weapons, money launderer)
- Michael Cherney (commercial of weapons, trafficker of weapons, money launderer, shown terrorism)
- Viktor Bout (Ordering the KGB converted into merchant of weapons)
- Konstantin Golikov' (hides, probably dead)
- Sergueï Mikhaïlov known as " Mikhas" (Godfather of the largest Muscovite criminal organization)
- Grigory Luchansky (Owner of Nordex)
- Evsei Agron known as " Little Don" (killer)
- Ludwig Fainberg known as " Tarzan" (imprisoned in an Israeli prison)
- Valentine Chpelivia (imprisoned in an American prison)
- Viatcheslav " Yaponchik" Ivankov (Sent to the United States to control the trade union of the Russian crime)
- Otar " Otarik" Kvantrishvili (killed by Alexey Kuzmin)
- Alimzhan Tokhtakhounov (known as the " Taiwanais" " shown to have bribed part of the jury of figure skating at the time of the Olympic Games of Salt Lake City in 2002).
- Sergei Belov (Owner of Eurocorp)
- Zakhar " Shakro" Kalashov (Russo-géorgien Godfather influence of the organized crime in Europe, imprisoned)
Bibliographical references and literature
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