Rules of Rugby with XV

The rules of the Rugby to XV are enacted by the International Rugby Board. A team has the balloon thanks to a handing-over concerned, by a fallen kick, a Mêlée or a touches. This team can choose to advance by striking the balloon forwards with the foot or by preserving it in the hands and while trying to progress in the opposing side while running. The ball can be last with another player provided that the master key is not done forwards. Any player of the assailing team being between the balloon and the unfavourable line of in-goal is off-side and does not have to interfere in the play. The defending team can try to stop the player carrying the balloon by catching it and by bringing it on the ground (plating). A plated player must pass or release the balloon, which makes it possible to the two teams to try to dispute the possession of the ball. The play stops only when one of the rules is transgressed or if the balloon, carried or not, leaves the limits of the ground. In this case, the handing-over concerned is done by the means of a key. If the play is stopped because of a fault made by a player of a team, the other team recovers the balloon and gives it concerned by a fray, a frank blow or a penalty, according to the gravity of the fault.

Characteristics of Rugby

With the difference of the Football, the hands can be used to play Rugby. However, a player can make a master key with the hand with another player only backwards or laterally, i.e. in all the directions safe forwards. A player can also send the balloon forwards (and in the other directions) by striking it with the foot. That means that the majority of the progression of team is carried out by a cycle of master keys, attempts at opening and platings. Each one of these cycles, very simplified, is called phase of play .

A particular aspect of Rugby lies in “the advantage” (rule 8). If a team commits an offense with the rules but that the opposing team derives from it a territorial profit or a tactical advantage, the referee lets the action be played. If the profit team of the advantage does not withdraw anything of it, the referee stops the play then and grants a Mêlée, a frank blow or a penalty according to the made fault.

What constitutes a “advantage” and its duration is a debatable point, referees having approaches different from this question. Some privilege time that the team which with the advantage has the ball, others the traversed ground. In general, when a fault is made, if a team with the possibility of progressing in the same way that the sanction of the fault would have allowed to him to make it, the referee announces an advantage and lets play. If, on the other hand, the team could not advance, lost made the balloon or itself a fault, the referee stops the play and grants a fault to the first team. On the other hand, if this team makes a fault of anti-play, it will be sanctioned.

Regulate 1: ground

A ground of Rugby is composed of a surface Gazon born to 3 cm punt of a width of 70 m and a maximum length of 144 Mr. the lines are painted in white with regular interval: the dead-ball line, the line of goal or in-goal, the line of the 22 m, the line of the 10 m, often called by abuse language the line of the 40 m, and the line of medium ground. This diagram is repeated on the other part of the ground. Tear lines are also traced to 5 m of the lines of in-goal and key as to 15 m of the touchlines. The distance between the two lines of in-goal, called “adventure playground”, is in general of 100 m, although the rules of IRB specify that it is about a maximum length. The width and length can thus vary according to the ground.

The goal makes up of two posts (called pagelles in the jargon rugbystic) located at the center of the line of goal and separated by a distance from 5,6 Mr. a horizontal bar located at 3 m above the ground connects the posts and the shape of “H gives them”.

Some 1,2 m high flags are placed outside the ground, on the level of the line of the medium, the 22 m, in-goal and dead balloon. The flags of the line of in-goal and dead balloon are placed at the intersection of the touchline and are regarded as outside if a player or the balloon touches them.

Contrary to football, the lines of a ground of Rugby are regarded as not forming part of the adventure playground. Thus, when a player walks on the touchline, it is in key. Same manner, the line of in-goal belongs to in-goal (just like posts), which allows a player flattening the balloon on this line to validate a test. Lastly, the dead-ball line does not form part of the ground and no test can be marked if the balloon is flattened on this line.

Regulate 6: arbitration

A match of Rugby is arbitrated by only one referee, assisted by two linesmen. The linesmen decide if a player or the balloon crossed the touchline and if a penalty correctly passed between the posts. They can also help the referee by giving him information on other types of faults or by confirming or not if a test were marked. When a match is televised, there exists a fourth referee, the Television Match Official (TMO), often called the referee-video. Its principal role is to help the referee to decide if a test is valid or not using the images suggested by television. The circumstances of use of the referee-video are decided by the suitable organizations. In spite of the presence of other referees, the principal referee is the “only rule and trier of fact”. When a referee is unable to finish the match, it is replaced by another referee, in general the senior of the linesmen.

The referee can sanction an act of anti-play by a temporary exclusion 10 minutes (yellow paperboard) or final (red paperboard). These faults can be an unfair act or violent one, for repeated infringements of the same rule or a fault deliberated to prevent the opposing team marking or from acquiring a decisive advantage. However, Rugby being a physical sport, the small fixings between players are generally not sanctioned. A red paperboard meaning the final exclusion of the ground can be addressed to a player deliberately and in spite of the preceding warnings (with the first place of which a yellow paperboard) having prevented or obstructed the play or while being particularly violent with regard to an other player. An exclusion of the ground can involve one period or a number of matches of suspension decided by the national authorities.

It is less current to see the players disputing the decisions of the referee than in other sports, like football. However, if they do it, the referee can penalize their team while advancing the opposing team of 10 m towards their line of goal. That can support the success of a penalty or a revival leading to a test.

Regulate 5: course of the play

Traditionally, the first possession of ball and the camp allotted to each team are drawn with Pile or face by the referee, although the rules specify that should be made by one of the captains. The captain who gains the drawing lot has the choice to decide between the kickoff or the side of the ground occupied by his team. A certain number of elements, like the direction and the force of the wind or the angle of the sun, as well as the probability of gaining or of losing the balloon after the kickoff, determine the choice of the captain.

The kickoff proceeds in the middle of the ground. Each period lasts 40 minutes and the play stops only when the balloon is " mort". The duration of additional time is a combination of factors as the sum of the stops of play during the half-time and of the moment to which a fault will be made during this additional time. The half-time lasts ten minutes to make it possible to the players to recover from their tiredness, to the trainers to give new councils and to the spectators to have access to approvals. For the second period, the teams change side and the team which did not give the kickoff at the beginning of match ensures the handing-over concerned.

Regulate 9: to mark points

The principle of Rugby with XV is to mark more points than its adversary. For that, there exist several means.

To carry the balloon on the ground with the hands or the arms, or by exerting a vertical pressure on the balloon with any part of the body lain between the size and the neck inclusively in the unfavourable in-goal. The base of the posts of the unfavourable goal also forms part of in-goal. This action is called “test” and its value is of five points today (see Décompte of the points to Rugby with XV).

In the beginning, the points were not entered. The objective was then to cross the unfavourable line of goal to obtain the right “to try” (in English try ) to mark a “goal” ( goal ) while making pass to the foot the balloon between the bars. The winner was that which marked the most goals. Between 1875 and 1877, the winner was always that which marked the most goals, but the tests were used to decide between a possible equality.

a test of penalty can be granted if the team which defends makes a voluntary fault of anti-play, without which, according to the referee, the assailing team would have marked a test. They are generally granted following a fault in a ruck, a fray, a Maul or a defensive off-side close to the line of goal. The faulty player generally is informed or excluded. A test of penalty is worth five points and is marked between the posts.

After having marked a test or a test of penalty, the striker of the team tries botter the balloon between the posts and above the horizontal bar of the unfavourable goal, since the perpendicular of the point where the balloon was flattened. This action is called a Transformation and is worth two points.
Botter the balloon between the posts and above the horizontal bar of the unfavourable goals is worth three points. It is possible following a penalty or of a drop. In this last case, the balloon must be released by the player and struck with the foot.

The blow with the goal is a big part of Rugby. The matches can be gained or lost according to this only action. To have a precise and powerful striker can sanction of three points a team everywhere making a fault in its side of the ground, and sometimes even beyond. This threat puts more pressure on defense in order to avoid giving too many penalties by making faults.

Current play

The play running proceeds when a team tries to progress towards the unfavourable in-goal while running and while doing the balloon. The master key should not be carried out forwards (rule 12). When that arrives, or when the balloon falls with the hands of the player forwards, the referee whistles a “forward pass” and grants to the opposing team a Mêlée. On the other hand, when a player blocks the balloon boot by an adversary by tightening the arms, the rebound of the balloon forwards is not then regarded as a forward pass. When a player deliberately passes the balloon to a fellow-member being in front of him or voluntarily sends to the hand the balloon in key, a penalty is granted to the opposing team by the referee.

There are three basic methods in the current play:

At the exit of a regrouping or a fray, a player, generally front, load unfavourable defense “with the short-nap cloth”, protecting the balloon between its arms at the time of the impact, and, joined by other players, progresses slowly against defense. The goal of this action is in particular to fix unfavourable defense and to release from spaces being able to allow a player, in general a back, to bore the defensive curtain make up by the opposing team.
When the balloon leaves a regrouping, of a fray or of a key by a long master key of the Demi of fray (n° 9) to the Demi of opening (n° 10), this one then has the possibility of passing the balloon to the backs, thus making it possible to develop a “play of line”. The backs run forwards, try to avoid and to exceed the defenders and, if a plating cannot be avoided, await the support of their fellow-members before passing the balloon or being made plate, causing a regrouping. Good backs will be able to vary the cutting angles and the points of their race and will be able to be in position to use the errors of placement of the adversary when they receive the balloon.
Lastly, there exist the counter-attacks. When a player, in his 22 m, receives in his arms the balloon boot by an adversary, it can choose to keep the balloon and as soon as possible to run towards the unfavourable in-goal in order to surprise the team which expects a kick. The advantage is that the player lays out of more than space to evolve/move, the majority of the fellow-members of the being striker off-side.

Regroupings

The objective of the team which defends is to stop the carrier of the balloon and to bring it on the ground to dispute the balloon to him. This action is called “plating” and is generally followed by a “loose scrum”. It is also possible to create a mobile regrouping, a “maul”.

Regulate 15: plating

A player can plate an unfavourable player carrying the balloon by catching it and by attracting it on the ground. To touch the ground with a knee or the balloon is sufficient to be considered “put on the ground”. The plate must pass the balloon or release it immediately. The plater must slacken the plate and move away. The balloon becomes thus free to be played by another player or disputed in a loose scrum. This phase bears the name of “phase plater-plate”. If the carrier of the balloon is plated, it can however mark a test in the continuity of the movement, for example by tightening the arm beyond the line of in-goal. If the carrier of the balloon is not put on the ground, there is not plating and a maul can be formed.

Regulate 16: loose scrum

The loose scrum, also called loose scrum or ruck, is a combat for the possession of the balloon which is held in the zone plater-plate, where the carrier of the balloon was plated. After a plating, the players of the two teams can try to seize the balloon which must be released by the plate. If two opposite players arrive at the same time and clutch one with the other while remaining on their feet, there is formation of a loose scrum. Any player who wants to take part in the ruck must do it in “passing by the door”, i.e. while passing by the axis of the regrouping and not come on the sides. Instead of seeking to play the balloon directly, the players try to push back the adversaries in their camp to then be able to pursue the balloon with the foot (raking or rucking) to allow its release by the Demi of fray which waits behind the loose scrum. If the balloon cannot be released, the referee grants a Mêlée ordered with introduction for the team which progressed.

Many faults take place in these regroupings. Players can slow down the release of the ball by the opposing team or accelerate it by his by blocking it with the hands, while lying above or by breaking down voluntarily the ruck. In these cases, a penalty is granted. When the team which defends recovers the balloon either because an unfavourable player released it or if it to him were torn off hands, the roles are reversed and the assailing team becomes the defending team and vice versa.

Regulate 17: maul

A maul is formed when the carrier of the balloon is taken by one or more adversaries and, supported by its fellow-members, remains upright. It thus implies at least three players: the carrier of the balloon, its support and the unfavourable player. Other players, in general of the fronts, can join the maul but, as for the loose scrum, they must do it while passing in the axis of the regrouping and remain on their feet. If the maul stops and that the balloon is not released, the referee can whistle a fray with introduction for the team which was not in possession of the balloon during the formation of the maul. The tactics of the “unrolling maul” take place when the balloon passed with hand in hand in the maul to the last player, allowing the players being on the sides of the maul to leave to return to push on the back and to thus modify the race of the maul. This tactic can be very effective to gain ground while fixing part of unfavourable defense. A maul which advance is called “grouped penetrating”. This tactic is often used in the 22 m unfavourable.

It is interdict to voluntarily collapse a maul. A voluntary collapse is sanctioned by a penalty, an involuntary collapse by a fray.

Off-side in the regroupings

In the loose scrums and the mauls, there exist two lines of off-side: one by team, being located behind the foot behind of the last player taking part in the regrouping (rule 11). Any player of a team must thus place himself behind this line and can join the regrouping only while passing by the back of the regrouping. Each player who leaves the regrouping must immediately replace himself behind his line of off-side. An off-side is sanctioned by a penalty. This rule sees a multitude of faults whistled by the referees, the players tending often to join a regrouping, in particular the rucks, by the sides. Associated with the obligation to remain on its feet, the off-side is one of the faults most often sanctioned.

Play with the foot

In certain situations, it can be preferable to play foot rather than to progress while keeping the balloon in the hands. It is a question of gaining ground in particular in defense, to move away the play from the line of in-goal, or in attack, for lober and to disorganize unfavourable defense.

When a team has the balloon in her clean 22 m, it is important to slacken the pressure and to lay out of more than space of play. The most current action is of botter the balloon directly in key, further possible. This kick is generally ensured by the Demi of opening when the balloon is recovered in a regrouping or by a penalty and the winger S or the back if the balloon is recovered since an unfavourable kick. As the key is generally random, because of the dubious rebounds caused by the shape of the balloon, it is sometimes preferable to obtain a short but rather assured key than to try a remote but dangerous key without guarantee of result, being thus exposed to a surprised counter-attack of the adversary.

There exist several types of “kicks to be followed”.
When a team progresses little attacks some, a player, a half or a three-quarter, can botter the balloon in a zone not-defended by the adversary, thus forcing it to leave his positions to protect the balloon. That allows is to obtain a key if the balloon rebounds in the adventure playground before leaving there, that is to say with the backs to take to speed the defenders to recover the balloon and to continue to play.

A “candle” (in English, “ up-and-under ” or “ Garryowen ”) is a kick struck high and strong in the sky. That allows the striker and its fellow-members being behind him at the time of striking to go under the point of fall of the balloon and to dispute the possession with the adversary of it.

A winger can carry out a kick shaving along the touchline to take to speed the unfavourable players preparing to plate it or push it in key and which will have to be turned over to follow the striker which will have the possibility of continuing on its impetus.

The play with the foot is generally regarded as being the back prerogative of the S because their more high speed of race. There exist exceptions as the Third line wing John Taylor which marked a penalty for the Wales at the time of the Five Nations tournament 1971, the second line of the Wallabies John Eales and the number 8 of the All Blacks Zinzan Brooke even marked a drop of the medium ground.

Off-side at the time of the kicks

When a player boot the balloon, all its fellow-members located between him and the unfavourable line of goal are off-side (rule 11). A player becomes again stake when it is exceeded by the bottor or a fellow-member located stake at the time of the kick or when an adversary traversed five meters with the balloon, made a master key or had an intentional contact with the balloon (will to seize itself some without reaching that point). Any player off-side must be held with ten meters of the balloon.

Handing-over concerned

The handing-over concerned take place after the play was stopped.

Regulate 13: kick of envoi/de reference

At the beginning of each half-time, a team gives the kickoff. It is carried out by a kick fallen on the level from the line from the medium ground. The balloon must at least cross 10 meters in the opposing side to be considered to be playable. The half of opening generally strikes the high balloon so that it falls down just behind the line to make it possible its fellow-members to cover the distance while the balloon is in the air. The kick can also be long and tended to put the opposing team under pressure as of starts match. If the balloon does not cross the 10 m, the opposing team can choose to give a new kickoff or to profit from a fray in the center of the ground. If the balloon leaves in key without to be touched, the opposing team can choose a fray in the center of the ground or a key on the line of centers.

There exists also a kick of reference on the line of 22 Mr. There is granted when the team which attack sends the balloon in the unfavourable in-goal without managing to flatten it because a defender flattened it front. When a player sends the balloon in the unfavourable in-goal and that it crosses the dead-ball line, the opposing team with the choice between profiting from a blow of reference to 22 or one fray at the place where the balloon was struck. The reference to the 22 can be struck in any place or behind the line of 22 Mr.

Penalty and frank blow

The penalties are granted for a voluntary fault or a dangerous play. The bottor with the possibility of striking with the goal, between the posts and above the horizontal bar unfavourable, or of sending the balloon directly touches some near the line of in-goal to profit from the throw in key. One speaks then about “pénaltouche”. He can also play short and directly send the balloon in his hands to keep the possession of the ball and to surprise the adversary. In all the cases, the unfavourable players must move back of ten meters.

A frank kick, also called “arm broken” because of the position of the arm of the referee, is granted for less serious faults. With the difference of the penalty, the bottor cannot draw with the goal. If the balloon leaves in key following a broken arm, the opposing team profits from the throw. If the balloon leaves directly the ground, i.e. without to have rebounded, the key is done at the place where the frank blow was granted.

A frank blow is also granted when a stop of flight is carried out by a player in his 22 (rule 18).

Regulate 20: set scrum

Regulate 19: touch and alignment

Off-side during the handing-over concerned

Any player not taking part in the fray, i.e. the back S and the Half of opening, must remain stake or will be sanctioned by a penalty. The line of off-side is fixed by the foot behind of the Third line centers. For the Half of fray, the line of off-side in the fray is fixed by the balloon.

In a key, there exist two lines of off-side located at ten meters on each side of the axis of alignment. When the key is finished, the line of off-side is fixed by the balloon.

For a kick of reference, of penalty or frank, the players of the team of the bottor must be held behind him and those of the opposing team with ten meters.

Notes and references of the article

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