The roussillonnais is a regional language.

The many characteristics of the Catalan septentrional, or roussillonnais, are explained mainly by the prolonged contact of this language with the Occitan and by the imposition of the French. Indeed, according to the opinion of many linguists, specificities of the alternative roussillonnaise come, either of the absorption of many elements of the language occitane, or of the bilingualism of the speakers roussillonnais which facilitates certain confusions between the two languages, often with the detriment of the Catalan.

Thus, the consequences of such a situation on the language consist, on the one hand, in many interferences, inherent in bilingualism, and, on the other hand, in loans made with French, with the occitan, but also with Spanish. These consequences are declined according to the type of effects which they produce in the following way:

1. a particular use of certain Catalan terms, as well as the integration of French terms and occitans in the spoken language,

2. the Francization of the verbal forms and the timetable,
3. formation of new expressions.

Phonetic description

has - the most remarkable feature of the Catalan roussillonnais is the pronunciation of O closed tonic like U. Thus, the sentence “ el bridge del Canigó ” will be marked “ el punt del Canigú ”.

B - The vowel system roussillonnais is reduced, as in Castilian, with the five vowels has, E, I, O, U. It however is not there about an influence of the Castilian.

C - Single characteristic as a Catalan, the alternative roussillonnaise rejects the words known as " esdrúixols ". Thus, " època " becomes in roussillonnais " epoca " and " música " becomes " musica ". This characteristic of roussillonnais also causes the formation of adjectives such as " traditional " who differs from the term south-Catalan " clàssic " (fem. " clàssica "). But one can also quote other cases such as " fàcil " who became roussillonnais " of it; facil.le " and " difícil " who became " dificil.le ". In a way general, all the adjectives finished in “island” or “ic” follow as a septentrional Catalan such a transformation ( util.le , comic , sintetic , cientific , etc).

D - One will also note that the disappearance of the “L” as it is placed in front of “T” is a relatively frequent phenomenon, at the origin of words such as:

• " escutar " for " escoltar "
• " mutú " for " moltó ".

E - One finds in roussillonnais, as in mallorquin, the reduction to “I” of the words in “ia”. Thus, “ història ”, “ ràbia ” and “ gràcies ” will become “ histori ”, “ rabi ” and “ gràci ”.

F - Lastly, one will underline the disappearance of the letter “X” in words such as " peix " (fish), " calaix " (drawer), which roussillonnais some will become respectively " pei " and " fixed ".

Morphosyntaxe

has - the possessive pronouns llur , llurs , will llura and llures is usually used with the oral examination, just as the pronouns my, your, its, my, your, its, my, your, its are them also usually employed. One will underline the existence owing to the fact that, meu , teu , seu can be used with the masculine but also to replace meva , teva and seva (as for example in “ Meu put ”). Lastly, roussillonnais it division with Catalan-Valencian possessive the meua , teua and seua .

In addition, the place of these articles changes. Whereas an Inhabitant of Barcelona says “ wire meu ” or “ Déu meu ”, Roussillonnais will prefer, as for him, to reverse the word order, and will say “ my wire ” and “ my Déu ”.

B - The extension of plural in “ bone ” is also one of the outstanding characteristics of roussillonnais. Thus, one will note the existence of terms such as “ aquestos ”, “ aqueixos ” ¸ “ elllos ” and “ aquellos ” (for " aquests ", " aqueix ", " ells " and " aquells "), “ quinos ” for “ quins ” “ quantos ” for “ quants ”, and finally “ elsos ” for “ ells ”.

C - As in Mallorque, roussillonnais it preserve “ quelcom ” (Catalan exchange: alguna cosa, Baléare: qualque cosa). It borrows from French the " no matter who " , " did not matter that " , " did not import quan " , " does not import COM " , which corresponds to “ qualsevol ”, “ qualsevol cosa ”, “ has qualsevol moment ” and “ of qualsevol will manera ”.

D - Ordinal the truasieme , fourth and fifth , resulting from French, replace in roussillonnais " to plow for the third time " , " quarter " and " cinquè ". The forms " desesset ", " desevuit " and " desenou " were preserved of the medieval Catalan.

E - Roussillonnais uses only the forms full with the “ me ”, or elided like “ me ”, whatever its position, which gives:

• “ me F pena ” instead of “ EM F pena ” as a central Catalan,
• “ truca-me després ” instead of “ truca' m després ”,
• and “ me espanta ” (the form “Catalan power station” is identical in this last case).

F - As a Catalan, one knows that the enclise is obligatory with the requirement, gerund and infinitive, whereas roussillonnais some it is obligatory only with the requirement. Roussillonnais division this characteristic with French. Thus, one can say:

• “ Me free ha demanat of Li comprar el ”
• instead of “ EM goes iron demanar Li a favor ”.
• Or: “ He pujat Al poble, in Li telling tota the història ”, instead of “ He pujat Al poble telling Li tota the història ”.

G - In roussillonnais, of many verbs of the second conjugation make their infinitive with the manner of the verbs of the third conjugation. Let us quote in particular, “ mereixit ”, “ coneixit ”, “ naixit ”, “ pareixit ”, and “ creixit ”, which as a central Catalan is written “ merescut ”, “ conegut ”, “ nascut ”, “ parescut ” and “ crescut ”.

H - Whereas in the remainder of the Catalan countries, the negation is done with “No”, roussillonnais it will use as in French and occitan the “ not ”. Thus, the “ No vull ” inhabitant of Barcelona, Valencian and insular will become “ vull not ”, and the “ No faré ”, “ faré not ”

Conjugation pattern

has - First conjugation:

B - Second conjugation:

C - Third conjugation: D - The verb being: Sere, estre (ser or ésser as a central Catalan)

Gerund : siguent last Participle : sigut

E - Passejar (passejar-)

Let us notice finally that many verbs of movement are combined as in French with the auxiliary being.

F - The verb to have:

Some remarks on the Francization of the timetable verbal:

• roussillonnais It, like French, uses the historic infinitive.
• roussillonnais it tends indifferently to use the “ preterite indefinit ” and the “ preterite perfet ”.

For example:

• “ Avui, vam to llegir free a ”, instead of “ Avui, hem llegit free a ”.
• “ Ahir, He treballat tota delayed it ”, instead of “ Ahir, vaig treballar tota delayed it ”.

In addition, the construction of the immediate future is identical roussillonnais some and in French. Consequently, Catalan construction " anarchist + has + infinitive " , is reduced in roussillonnais with " anarchist + infinitive " , which causes sometimes confusions, because “ vam treballar ” can, roussillonnais some, as well to say “we will work” as “we worked”.

Vocabulary and lexicon of roussillonnais

Particular uses of Catalan terms

Three very simple examples will illustrate the effects of bilingualism on the Catalan roussillonnais.

• First example, veu and via .

Thus, whereas it is very easy as a Catalan to orally distinguish these two words, the two corresponding French terms (voice and way) are homophons. For this reason, it could be observed with the oral examination a confusion of the two French terms and a rarefaction as a Catalan of the " term; via " with the profit of an exclusive use of the word " veu ". One will be able for this reason to hear sentences such as “ el tren arriba with the veu has ”.

• Second example: preu and premi , resulting from the verb " premiar " (to reward in French).

the first term expresses, for example, the value of an object. As for the second, it is used primarily in the academic world and is synonymous with reward (a literary prize, Nobel Prize, etc). However, the two terms are translated into French by a single term: price. For this reason, roussillonnais it tends here still to confuse the two terms, and will prefer as a Catalan the exclusive use of " preu ", which explains its use in formulas such as “a preu literari”.

• Third example: the use of estimar .

Whereas all the alternatives of Catalan, Western like Eastern, use the verbs estimar and agradar in order to distinguish the affection or the love which one carries to a person and the interest which a place or an object can cause, roussillonnais it will employ in a case as in the other the verb " estimar ". Derived from French, this use is identical to that of the verb to like which gets busy indifferently for the objects, the places and the people. It will be consequently possible to hear sentences such as: “OJ, estimo els burros”, whereas a Catalan of the south would tell “Me agraden els burros”.

The vocabulary roussillonnais

The vocabulary roussillonnais abounds of terms borrowed in French. Among most current, one can in particular quote:

• cahiet (llibreta),
• portfolio (will cartera),
• craiun (llapis),
• voture (cotxe),
• jurnal (diari),
• socissa (will botifarra),
• trotuart (voravia),
• almost (gairebé),
• apuprés (my O menys),
• afrosament (espantosament),
• aggravating (empipador),
• assieta (flat),
• atenció (which is used to draw the attention (ojo in Castilian),
• xarmant (encantador),
• speed (velocitat),
• machined (fàbrica),
• tupet (barred),
• survetllar (vigilar),
• under (dinners),
• servieta (tovalló),
• ruta (will carretera),
• even (fine I early),
• fatxar (to renyir, enfadar-),
• domatge (llàstima, in the direction be llàstima that),
• contravenció (multa).

One will also meet many terms borrowed from the occitan, among which appear:

• let/leda (lleig/lletja, occità: ugly/laida),
• veire (got),
• belleu (potser, perhaps),
• jaupar (lladrar, to bark),
• estonant (estrany, strange),
• will ribera (riu, river).

One finds also some Castilian words:

• ademés (which comes from además),
• hasta (which preserves its direction and replaces in roussillonnais “fine”),
• apoio (of the Castilian apoya),
• atràs (which preserves its Castilian direction),
• gasto (for despesa, expenditure),
• desditxa (for infeliçitat, misfortune),
• ciego (for cec, blind man).

• One will underline finally that the verb to eixir (“to leave” as a central Catalan), that one often attaches to the Catalan spoken with the Valencian country, is also used in Catalonia of north.

Random links:

Tauriac-of-Naucelle | List parks of State of Wisconsin | Hypermnestra (butterfly) | Planets of Freelancer | Jean de Brie