See also: Rose tree (homonymy)

The rose trees , or wild roses , are a kind of Plante S of the family of the Rosacée S, originating in the moderate and subtropical areas of the northern hemisphere. They are Arbuste S and Arbrisseau X sarmentous and thorny. According to the often various opinions of the botanists, the kind Rosa includes/understands from 100 to 200 Espèce S which are hybrident easily between them.

Several species and of many Cultivar S, resulting from changes or crossings, are cultivated like decorative plants for their Fleur S, the pink S. Those constitute the most important category of the cut Fleurs, sold at the Fleuriste S, but the rose trees are also cultivated for the production of gasoline of Parfum ery.

Botanical aspects

General characteristics

The plants of the kind Rosa are Arbuste S or small Arbrisseau X thorny with the drawn up port, climbing and sometimes crawling, in general reaching two to five meters in height. Rosa ×odorata nothovar. gigantea can however reach 15 meters in height in its surface of origin (Burma) and 10 meters in culture in moderated climate, while dwarf species, such Rosa minutifolia do not exceed 75 cm in height.

Stems

They form air Tige S arched, carrying pivots (like sometimes the Pétiole S of the sheets). These pivots are outgrowths of the skin and end up falling on the oldest stems. The stock emits each year of new stems. Certain species are very Drageon Nantes, such Rosa rugosa , which tends to form true thickets.

Sheets

The Feuille S alternate, null and void (sometimes persistent), made up are imparipennées (with a final leaflet), generally presenting from five to seven leaflets to the acuminate elliptic limb, at the toothed edge. They are provided with Stipule S at the base of the petiole. These stipulate are foliaceous appendices which “are generally adnés”, i.e. adhere to the petiole over their length, and sometimes free, seldom absent. Their form is variable according to the species: whole, toothed, pectinate or lobed.

Fleur

The Fleur S with the corolla of color conspicuous, pink, red, yellow but so white, are grouped in Corymbe S of some flowers, sometimes reduced to an isolated flower. The floral Réceptacle takes the form of a Hypanthe, species of ballot box which contains the carpelles ones, of which styles emergent by the tightened central opening, and carries at its top the other floral parts. They are simple flowers, Actinomorphe S, in general of pentamerous symmetry:
  • the chalice dialysépale is composed of five parts of green color. The Sépale S can be simple or of more complex form, laterally lobed;
  • the Corolla dialypétale, with radial symmetry, includes/understands five in general Pétale S regular, null and void, with narrow miter and the limb spread out often indented in the shape of heart. Rosa sericea and Rosa omeiensis , two connected Chinese species, which have only four sepals and four petals constitute an exception.
The corolla can be “double” or “full” by cheesecloth transformation into petals, because of spontaneous changes, preserved by selection in the cultivated forms;
  • the Androcée is composed of very many cheesecloths laid out in concentric verticils, generally of multiple number as of that of the petals (X 5);
  • the Gynécée is made of separate pistils (polycarpe) and includes/understands many Carpelle S uniovulaires and free (apocarpic). The carpelles ones are covered with hairs and carry a long style which ends in marks open to the level of cheesecloths in the center of the flower. The styles are free, except at the species of the section of the Synstyleae whose styles are welded in a column which emerges in a prominent way in the center of the flower. Each carpelle contains single a ovule anatrope during.
The nectaries attract the insects and support the Pollinisation, mainly entomophilous.

Fruit

With maturity, this receptacle is transformed into a fleshy False-fruit, the Cynorrhodon, often surmounted by the desiccated sepals. This one is round, oval or pyriforme, in general of red or red color orange, but can sometimes be darker, dark crimson with black, such as for example at Rosa pimpinellifolia . It contains many Akène S, fruits dry indéhiscents containing only one Graine resulting from the transformation of the carpelles ones. At many species, in particular Rosa canina (the wild rose) and Rosa rugosa (the rough rose tree), let us cynorrhodons them are very rich in Vitamine C, of which they are one of the vegetable sources among richest. These fruits are consumed by the frugivorous birds such as the Grive S and the gossips, which contribute thus to the dispersion of seeds. Certain birds, like the Finch S, consume also seeds.

The principal modification observed at the cultivated rose trees is the multiplication of the petals, which are in fact of transformed cheesecloths.

Biology

The rose trees are perennial woody plants which can survive easily several tens of years, even if in culture it is frequent of having to renew them at the end of about fifteen year. However, the wild rose of Hildesheim (Germany) passes to be the oldest rose tree of the world. This wild rose which survived the bombardments of 1945 would have more than 700 years, but its real age is not known with certainty.

Origin and distribution

The plants of the kind Rosa are originating in the moderate and subtropical areas of all the northern hemisphere. One as well finds them in the new world as in the old one, where one can distinguish two large surfaces from distribution, the Europe and the Mediterranean basin on the one hand, the the Far East on the other hand. The zone of larger Biodiversité for this kind is the China where are 95 species including 65 endemic. The most Scandinavian species is Rosa acicularis which one finds in particular in the Northern forest and whose surface of distribution reaches the polar circle.

These plants appeared there are forty million years (Oligocène) what is attested by the presence of Fossile S of one species close to Rosa nutkana found in the Oregon (the United States).

The distribution of the various sections of the kind Rosa is not homogeneous. That which with the vastest distribution is the section of the Cinnamomeae : it is present in the three continents (Asia, Europe, America) except in the extreme west of Europe. It is also that which has greatest variability and for this reason probably had a central role in the evolution of the kind.

The oldest species would be Rosa beggeriana , Rosa berberifolia ( Rosa simplicifolia , gold yellow) and Rosa spinossissima . It is of Rosa beggeriana that would have derived Rosa canina , Rosa acicularis and its variety girl Rosa alpina which are themselves very old. Rosa beggeriana and Rosa berberifolia always cohabits in the Xinjiang in China.

The indigenous species of Europe are, in the actual position of our knowledge, Rosa canina , Rosa rubiginosa , Rosa villosa , Rosa arvensis and Rosa pimpinellifolia `spinosissima'.

The most recent species, most advanced with their styles welded in column, are those of the section of the Synstylae . However, from a phylogenetic point of view, this section, whose distribution is characterized by surfaces disjoined in Asia, Europe and North America, could artificially gather specialized forms of other sections.

Notes on the genetics of some species of the kind Rosa

As at all the plants of the subfamily of the Rosoideae , the chromosomal number basic is 7, however the level of ploïdie varies from 2n = 2x = 14 with 2n = 8x = 56.

Among the diploïdes (14 chromosomes) one finds Rosa arvensis, Rosa banksiae, Rosa blanda, Rosa bracteata, Rosa brunonii, Rosa chinensis, Rosa filipes, Rosa foliolosa, Rosa hugonis, Rosa laevigata, Rosa moschata, Rosa will multiflora, Rosa nitida, Rosa odorata, Rosa palustris, Rosa roxburghii, Rosa rugosa, Rosa will setigera, Rosa wichuraiana, Rosa woodsii, Rosa xanthina , as well as the species of the section of the '' Synstylae ''.

Among the Polyploid S,

  • is triploid (21 chromosomes), certain hybrids of musky rose trees and the rose tree of original Bourbon;
  • is tetraploid (28 chromosomes): Rosa arkansana, Rosa carolina, Rosa centifolia, Rosa damascena, Rosa davidii, Rosa foetida, Rosa gallica, Rosa kordesii, Rosa laxa, Rosa will pomifera, Rosa rubrifolia, Rosa spinosissima, Rosa suffulta, Rosa virginiana ;
  • is pentaploids (35 chromosomes): the majority of the species of the section of the '' Caninae '' ( Rosa agrestis, Rosa canina, Rosa elliptica, Rosa micrantha, Rosa Montana, Rosa rubiginosa, Rosa sicula, Rosa tomentosa ), but some are hexaploïdes;
  • is hexaploïdes (42 chromosomes): Rosa alba, Rosa nutkana .

At certain complex species, one finds various levels of ploïdie:

  • 14,28,42 or 56 (octoploïde) chromosomes at Rosa acicularis ,
  • 14 or 28 chromosomes at Rosa californica and Rosa cinnamomea .
  • 28 or 42 chromosomes at Rosa moyesii ,
  • 35 or 42 chromosomes at Rosa eglanteria .

At the Caninae , the Méiose is particular, because the Pollen, whatever the level of Ploïdie of the relative donor, transmits only seven chromosomes, which gives to the descent a resemblance to the plant-mother, this one being all the more large as the level of ploïdie is high. One attends the constitution thus, not far from the stool of a “micro population” of rather homogeneous appearance.

Taxonomy of the kind Rosa

The kind Rosa belongs to the Sous-famille of the Rosoïdeae and to the tribe of the Roseae , of which it is the single kind. The closest plants belong to the tribes of the Potentilleae , the Ulmarieae and the Sanguisorbeae . One can quote in particular the kind Rubus also made up of thorny shrubs.

Synonyms of Rosa

The kind Rosa was described for the first time by Linné in its Species Plantarum , volume 1, page 491, published with Stockholm on May 1st, 1753. The standard species described is Rosa cinnamomea L. being first reference published for this generic name, it is preserved for all the posterior denominations. Hereafter the chronological list of the synonymous with Rosa , with the references of their publication:

  1. Rhodophora Neck., Elem. II. 91. 1790.
  2. Hulthemia Dum., Not. Gen Nov. Hulth. 13. 1824.
  3. Lowea Lindl., Club-footed. Reg. T. 1261. 1829.
  4. Hultenia Rchb., Handb. 243. 1837. (= Hulthemia Dum.)
  5. Rhodopsis Rchb., Deut. Club-footed. Herb. - Buch, 168. 1841.
  6. Saintpierrea Germ. of St Pierre, Journ. pinks (Paris) 2,39. 1878.
  7. Ernestella Germ. of St Pierre, Journ. pinks (Paris) 2,39. 1878.
  8. Hesperhodos Cockerell, Nature 90,571. 1913.
  9. Platyrhodon (Decne. ex Hurst) Houst., Z. Indukt. Abstammungs- Vererbungsl. 1927 (Suppl.2), 902. 1928.
  10. × Hulthemosa Juz., Fl. The USSR, ED. Komarov, X. 507,638. 1941. Rosa × Hulthemia
  11. Juzepczukia Chrshan., Reference mark. Acad. Sci. Ukraine, 1948. No 3,24 (1948); Chrshan. Monogr. Stud. Gen.Rosa Eur. US, 478. 1958.

Botanical classification of the species

The kind Rosa is divided into four unequal sub-genera, of which three include/understand only one or two species, and the fourth, Eurosa , all the others.

Sub-genus Eurosa
The sub-genus Eurosa is divided into 10 or 11 sections.

; Pimpinellifoliae

the “rose trees burnet”, thus named because their foliage evokes that of the Pimprenelle, is very rustic and has many spontaneous hybrids. They are originating in Europe, Persia and Asia in two forms, Rosa pimpinellifolia and standard Rosa Pimpinellifoliae spinosissima .
*Parmi the Rosa Pimpinellifolia one can quote Altaica and Lutea , yellows, Luteola , pale yellow, Hispida , white, Rubra , pink, Minima , of hardly 15 cm in height, without forgetting the Rosa Pimpinellifolia `Myriacantha', the spinolea of Pline old the, the rose tree with 1000 spines, high of 50 cm with 1 m with white flowers.
*La standard Rosa pimpinellifolia spinosissima , it is the rosa spinosissima of Linné or Scotch Pink or rose tree of Scotland or rose tree burnet cultivated since 1600, very adapted on the sandy ground and the spray, high from 30 to 90 cm, with the white, pink flowers and with the hybrids with Rosa foetida , another burnet come from Persia, yellows. And also Rosa hugonis or yellow rose tree of China, `Persan Yellow' to only quote most known.
; Caninae
These rose trees are originating in Europe and Asia Mineure:
Rosa canina or wild rose , rose tree rubiginosa or “wild rose”, as their hybrids whose it should be noted that magnifica could be a reversion and the reappearance of Rosa rubiginosa `known before 1629 and disappeared Duplex', as will pommifera , Rosa orientalis (dwarf), Rosa weakened , Rosa agrestis , Rosa tomentosa and eight others, all with pink flowers.
; Gallicanae
This section gathers one to three species originating in Europe and Asia, their alternatives and their hybrids.
*les pink gallic: pink Rosa gallica or of France , Rosa gallica `Officinalis' or “pink of Layered branches” or “red rose of Lancaster”, `Conditorum' or “pink of Hungary”, and Rosa gallica “Versicolor' or rosa Mondi . In 1811, the empress Joséphine cultivates 167 species of gallic pinks.
* pink Rosa centifolia or “with hundred sheets”;
*les sparkling rose trees which are sterile changes of Rosa centifolia (or rose trees of Damas);
*les rose trees of Damas, hybrids naturalness in Minor Asia, of Rosa gallica X Rosa phœnicia ;
*les rose trees of Portland cement, ( Rosa damascena X Rosa chinensis discovered by the Portland cement duchess).
; Carolinae
They are small bushes originating in North America to the flowers pink crimson:
the Rosa palustris with the simple flowers of 5 cm, crimsons, Rosa virginiana with the remarkable foliage and their hybrid Rosa mariæ-græbneræ , with the pink flowers following one another all the summer. The Rosa carolina , Rosa carolina `Alba', Rosa carolina `Plena', dwarf, and Rosa carolina `Grandiflora'. The hybrid Rosa grated , or “pink of love” or “pink of saint-Marc” or “pink of Orsay”, very double pink in darker center. The Rosa nitida with flowers crimsons, and Rosa foliolosa which could be “pink of the Alps”, confused with burnets.
; Gymnocarpae
Originating, R. gymnocarpa of North America, others of Asia.

Principal species

See also: List of the species of the kind Rosa


Cultivated rose trees

See also: Rose (flower)

Designation of the cultivated rose trees

The cultivated rose trees are generally Cultivar S created by rosierists and more rarely of the forms (species or varieties) natural.

For these last, called “botanical rose trees”, official designation follows the regulations of the international Code of botanical nomenclature. The name of a species is a binomial Nom in which the first term starting with a capital letter indicates the kind, and second all into tiny is the specific adjective, the whole expressed in Latin botany and written in Italic characters. This binomial is followed abbreviation of the name of the author, often essential precision in the case of the synonymous rose trees being given the big number of met. Example: Rosa gallica L.

In the case of the cultivars, they are the provisions of the international Code of nomenclature of the crop plants which apply. Those force to use a name of variety written in a living language and not in Latin (although for certain varieties old Latin was used) and written in Roman character placed between Guillemet S simple and starting with a capital letter. Example: `To remember Malmaison'.

Horticultural classification of the hybrids

A classification of the cultivars of rose trees is necessary, more than 16000 different types were listed.

They were initially named by a botanical characteristic (sparkling wine), by the shape of the pinks (pompom, punt, out of cut, reflex, with districts, imbricated, globulous, turbinate), according to the place of their discovery (Bourbon…), the name of the “discoverer” (Hazel nut, Portland cement) or the name of the species or the hybrid from which they resulted (Hybride of the). One thus defined classes of rose trees which characterize a particular type of flowers, and which are always of everyday usage. But this system of classification showed its limits when it was a question of classifying hybrids which one can attach to 2,3 or 4 categories.

The Clause guide of 1952 classified already the varieties as dwarves with large flowers and small flowers, bushes, stems, climbing and whining, then when it is question of the “best varieties”, it is a classification between climbing tonics and not tonics by color, and others that climbing, there too tonics and not tonics by color. On the hundred quoted rose trees, one notes like cultivated still much `Mrs Meilland' and the majority of climbing (`Mrs Alfred Carrière', `Gloire of Dijon', `Dorothy Perkins', `American Pilar', `Albertine' and climbing them of `Mrs Meilland', `Caroline Testout', `Souvenir Claudius Pernet'…)

It was initially proposed to divide pinks wild or botanical, pink old (before 1867) and modern pinks, then according to visible characteristics: tonic/not tonic, climbing/others (floor covering, shrubs, bushes), flowers grouped/large flowers, etc In 1971, the world Fédération of the companies of pinks ( World Federation off Pink Societies ) reclassified the old and modern rose trees in several groups defined by their port and thus by their possible uses in the gardens

The american company of the pinks ( American Pink Society ) adopted a detailed classification of the horticultural varieties, based on genealogical” and historical considerations “and generally used in the United States. It includes/understands three principal groups: botanical species wild rose trees), old pinks (before 1867) and modern pinks. The old pinks were subdivided in 21 classes and the modern pinks in 13 classes.

Culture of the rose trees of ornament

See also: Culture of the rose trees

The culture of the rose trees is an activity spread in many countries is in a professional framework: by the obtenteurs creating of new cultivars, by the nursery gardeners producing of the cut flowers or the seedlings of rose trees for the gardens, by the owners of public gardens (often of the dedicated services of the communities), that is to say within a framework deprived by all the private individuals having a Pleasure garden in which the rose tree is certainly the most popular Plante of the ornament.

General terms

The general terms necessary for the culture of the rose trees are:

  • preferably a siliceous clay soil rather fresh; the majority of the varieties do not support the grounds too Calcaire S (not more than limestone 15%, even less if the ground is lower in clay);
  • a shone upon exposure, however there exist cultivars supporting the semi-shade;
  • a moderate climate adapted to the rusticity of the species or variety.

Multiplication

It can be carried out by Greffage, suckering, Bouturage, Semis and multiplication In vitro. Sowing is impossible to circumvent for the production of new varieties by Hybridation, on the other hand, the hybrids are generally reproduced by grafting, mode of vegetative Multiplication which preserves the phenotypical characters (it is a cloning) and which makes it possible to choose a Porte-greffe adapted better to the later conditions of culture. The gardener amateur can multiply certain rose trees by propagation by cutting or taking away of Drageon S.

The new varieties are often protected by certificates from vegetable obtaining (COV) or by registered trademarks, even both, the legal origin of the seedlings being guaranteed by official labels carrying the name of variety deposited and the trade mark followed by the signe  ®.

The multiplication of the rose trees is primarily the fact of the specialized nursery gardeners. The understocks are ecotype S of Rosa canina and Rosa rubiginosa which has the disadvantage of suckering much, or Rosa indica major which suckers little and Rosa coriifolia " frœbelii" who does not sucker.

The plantation is carried out in autumn and winter (from November to March in the northern hemisphere), in a quite battered ground then rested, in a sufficient cavity so that the roots are at ease and the point of Clerc's Office (or the collet for the not grafted rose trees) very slightly buried. A watering ensures the compressing of the ground. These rose trees must then be sprinkled regularly the first year and the foot mulched to protect them from the cold in winter.

Farming operations

Cut: in addition to the removal of the faded flowers (advised not only for esthetic reasons, but because it supports the refloraison), it is in general advisable to carry out an annual size, before the starting of the vegetation (towards at the end of February in the northern hemisphere) for the rose trees tonics, after the flowering for the others, which will vary according to the species, the age and the state of the rose tree. It is especially necessary to remove old wood and to cut all the more short as it is about a small species, and to leave size to the climbing which if not could become again bushes.

Treatments: the white of the rose tree is treated by a pulverization of Soufre and the black spots by a pulverization of Bouillie of Bordeaux (one can in certain forms mix both in preventive medication). The Puceron S will be eaten by the ladybird S or will be driven out by a watering. The more particular problems concern the council of specialist.

Fertilization: rock salt, manure “special rose tree” or ashes of wood.

History of the culture of the rose trees

The culture of the rose trees dates in China and Perse of more than 5000 years, and they were cultivated in Greece as of the Bronze Age.

In Europe, the first cultivated rose trees were the gallic rose trees with the only white, pink or red flowers, and the rose trees burnet Spinolea of Pline Old the, rose trees of Scotland and rosa fœtida the bramble of Austria, a rose tree with yellow flowers. Then other botanical or cultivated species were brought back rest of the world, and initially, by the Croisés, the rose trees of Damas, Rosa damascena (it seems that it is a spontaneous hybrid of Rosa gallica X Rosa phœnicia ) and rosa damascena semperflorens (hybrid supposed Rosa gallica X moschata ). It is only at the end of the 18th century, that the importation of rose trees and the creation of new varieties still by spontaneous crossings took full sound rise (what is besides the case for many flowers of ornament), initially in France, then in England. The new species of rose trees came from China with the rose trees and for the hybrids of colonies like the island of the Meeting, with the rose trees Bourbon, or the Louisiana for the Noisette rose trees. All these hybrid rose trees of rose trees coming from China knew a very great popularity, because of the Chinese know-how which knew to produce scented rose trees, strongly tonics, even with quasi-continual flowering.

Enemies of the rose trees

See also: Devastating and diseases of the rose trees

The cultivated rose trees have many enemies who tackle the various parts of the plant. It is mainly about cryptogamic diseases, of which most known are the disease of black spots, the white of the rose tree (oïdium) and rusts it, and various devastating insects such as the tenthrèdes, cochineals and plant louses.

Principal diseases

The sheets of the cultivated rose trees often carry spots due to various cryptogamic diseases:
  • the rust of the rose tree caused by a mushroom, Phragmidium subcorticum , appears by small orange pustules with the lower face of the sheets, like on the stems.
  • the Maladie of the black spots causes the appearance of dark spots, brown noirâtre, of round form, approximately a centimetre in diameter, due to the mushroom Marssonina rosae . This disease involves the fall of the sheets and strongly weakens the plants.
  • the white of the rose tree is a form of oïdium which produces a felting bench on the sheets and the growths, involving a drying of the floral buttons.
These diseases are supported by a hot and wet time. Certain varieties are more resistant than others.

Many other diseases, less frequent, are suitable for affect the rose trees: canker S, Pourridié S, Anthracnose, cast iron of sowings….

Principal ravageurs

The starts-up are often invaded by colonies of Puceron S, in particular the green Puceron of the rose tree ( Macrosiphum rosae ). This proliferation can involve the fading of the growths and the loss of the floral buttons. The Miellat secreted by the plant louses attracts the ants and can cause the formation of Fumagine, disease cryptogamic which appears by a film noirâtre on the plants.

Among the ravageurs of the rose tree also appear of many insects, Tenthrède S whose caterpillars devour rolls up the sheets or them to shelter there, mégachile S, kinds of bees which take regular cuttings in the sheets to build their cabins, Cochenille S, cécidomyie S, etc the rose trees are also affected by Nématode S which attack the roots causing the formation of Wales, and by Acarien S present on the sheets.

A curiosity is the formation of Galle S filamentous, the “bédégars”, formed by a reaction of fabrics of the stem to the presence of Larve S of Cynips of the rose tree ( Diplolepis rosae ).

Famous Obtenteurs and rosierists

At the the United Kingdom, parts of the national collection of pinks are preserved by David Austin, Peter Beales and the Royal National Pink Society . Mottisfont Abbey guard a collection of old pinks of before 1900 and the collection of the botanical garden of the Université of Birmingham names “history of the European pink”.

In France, there exist many roseries (Liste of the roseries) and one can visit the seedbeds and the collections of the majority of the rosierists:

  • Michel Adam, with Liffré,
  • Barth Rosery with Lochwiller,
  • François Dorieux rosierist obtentor with Montagny
  • Andre Eve with Pithiviers,
  • Delbard, whose orchard of Malicorne is classified conservatory French of the specialized vegetable collections,
  • Roseraie Guillot, Crémieu,
  • Roses of antant, and its conservatory rosery *Pépinière of Saulée, with Gifted-the-Fountain,
  • the private collection of old pinks of Odile Masquelier the Good House in Mulatière 69350

Economy

The culture of the rose trees is addressed to two distinct markets, that of the flower cut (pink on stems) for bouquets and floral decoration of interior, that of the seedlings of rose trees for the particular gardens and the public parks, sold out of containers or with naked roots according to the season.

The market of the cut flower, primarily European at the origin, tends to mondialiser. The principal surfaces of production are located in Europe (Netherlands, Italy, France), in North America (the United States), in Asia (Japan, China, Israel), in Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador) and in Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Morocco).

The markets of consumption are located mainly in Europe where the transactions concentrate mainly at the flower market ( Bloemenveiling ) of Aalsmeer (Holland-Septentrional) from where the pinks are reforwarded in all Europe, and in North America where the principal center of redistribution for the the United States is Miami. The production of the countries of Africa is exported mainly towards Europe and that of South America towards the United States. This market knows a strong expansion in Asia (China, India, South-East Asia).

This universalization raises various questions: work conditions in certain countries, evoked for example by Colombian film Maria full with grace , and in addition energy cost of transport in the plane.

In France, the trade of the rose trees and pinks concern:

  • producers, horticulturist-nursery gardeners: the nursery gardeners for the seedlings, the horticulturists for the cut flowers and in an anecdotic way culture for manufacture of the Water of pink and the Rose oil (practiced in Bulgaria in the area of Varna, in Egypt, India, China…).
  • markets the large one,
  • retail business,
    • 13.838 Florist S declared in 2003,
    • 960 seed merchants,
    • 960 Garden-center S,
    • 800 monumental mason-florists,
    • 616 florists of market (register 2004),
    • the corners garden-center of the Hypermarket S, Supermarket S and large surfaces of do-it-yourself.

The pink account for 52,7% of the purchases of cut flowers. The imports of pinks (cut flowers) are assembled to 111,7 million euros especially coming from the Netherlands (which treated some for 705,9 million euros with the markets of the dial)

The purchases of rose trees were assembled to France in 2003 to 64 million euros. France imports rose trees of the Netherlands, Denmark, of Spain, Hungary, Poland (where are installed German horticulturists) and exports some in Italy, Germany, Suisse, Ethiopia, Spain…

Finally one should not forget the licenses on creations and the partnerships like that between Meilland and Damn fool-Pyle Co with the the United States.

Toponymy

Several common of France bears the name of rose trees: the Rose tree-on-Loire, Rose tree-with-Juillac, Rose tree-with Égletons, Saint-Julien-the-Rose trees, Saint-Hilaire-of-Rose tree.

One meets also toponyms based on “pink” or “rosery”.

Appendices

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