Rose (flower)

Etymology

The “pink” word, dated in French from the beginning from XIIe century is derived from the Latin rosa, rosae (substantive female) which indicated as well the flower as the rose tree itself. This term, related from the Greek rhodon , would have been borrowed from an Eastern language. It is trying to bring closer “pink” to “dew”, however this meeting, inexhaustible source of inspiration for the poets, is fortuitous in French. Indeed “dew” derives, via low-Latin rosata , of Latin ros, roris (substantive masculine), perhaps related with the Greek drosos , coming from another Indo-European root.

Botany and classification

Species

See also: Rose tree, List of the species of the kind Rosa

La botanical description, the genetics, the origin, the distribution and the classification of the botanical species are treated in the article Rosier

The Espèce S botanies of rose trees, which belong to the kind Rosa , are 100 to 200 according to the various authors and are divided into four sub-genera: Plathyrhodon , Hesperhodos , Hulthemia (sometimes regarded as a distinct kind) and Eurosa . This last itself is subdivided into eleven sections: Pimpinellifoliae (rose trees burnet), Gallicanae (gallic rose trees), Caninae , Carolinae , Gymnocarpae , Cinnamomeae (rose trees grooves), Chinenses , Banksianae , Laevigatae , Bracteatae and Synstylae .

Only a dozen species, and their let us tax derived ( varieties, forms), were used to create the majority of the cultivated rose trees, generally with double” or “full” flowers known as “, with the very many petals. More and more of natural forms are cultivated in the gardens, these are the “botanical pinks”, of which the simple form, similar to the wild rose, and rusticity agrees well with the tendency towards a “wild” garden more. The modern rosierists seek to exploit the diversity of the kind Rosa to introduce into their obtainings particular genes, for example of cold resistance or to certain diseases.

Classes of pinks

The specialists generally distinguish the “old pinks” from the “modern pinks”.

The first are generally the varieties going back to before 1867, of which much was lost. Among those which are still cultivated appear:

of the “gallic pinks” ( Rosa gallica ), especially `Cardinal Officinalis' and `of Richelieu',
of the “pinks with hundred sheets” ( Rosa centifolia ), especially “pink pompom” (`Pompon of Meaux') and “red pompom” (`Pompon of Burgundy'),
of the sparkling rose trees which are sterile changes of centifolia (or rose trees of Damas) like `Salet' or `Mousseline',
“rose trees of Damas” ( Rosa damascena ), hybrids natural appeared in Minor Asia, of Rosa gallica × Rosa phœnicia , with the `Rose of Puteaux' cultivated for its dried petals and the `Rose de Recht', very widespread in England,
some “rose trees of Portland cement”, like `Jacques Cartier',
the “Hazel nuts”, or “the hazel nut”, especially `Glory of Dijon', `Dream of gold' and `Mrs Alfred Carrière'
some “Bourbon”: `Louise Odier' and especially `To remember Malmaison',
“white rose trees”: Rosa ×alba , the pink of York, Rosa alba semiplena , `Thigh of moved nymph' and `perfect white Pompom'.

In 1867, the creation of `France', the Hybrid first of the (derivative of the imported pinks of China with the cargoes of The) mark the beginning of the “modern pinks” that are the rose trees “with large flowers”, the English “floribunda” and “rose trees”.

History of the culture of the pink

Antiquity

The pinks have been cultivated in China and Perse for 5000 years and in Greece since the Bronze Age.

Hérodote reported that the king Midas, at sixth century BC, when it was driven out of Lydie by the Persian armies, carried his pinks in his exile in Macedonia. And the Greek naturalist, Théophraste, described a pink with many petals, a form of Rosa canina , cultivated in the gardens. It describes white red roses, pinks and, and notes the intensity of the perfume of the pink of Cyrène.

Pline Old the in its Natural history describes 20 kinds of rose trees named by the name of their place of source. It describes them, which allows suggestions of identification:

the pink of Præneste seems to be Rosa gallica versicolor ,
the pink of Campania is a form of Rosa ×alba semiplena ,
the pink of Tachys is a form of Rosa damascena ,
the red pink of Millet to ten petals is a variety of Rosa gallica ,
the pink of Pangée is another Rosa gallica ,
the pink of Alabande is a Rosa ×alba ,
the pink of autumn resembles Rosa sempervirens ,
Spinolea is Rosa pimpinellifolia " Myriacantha" .
Rosa gallica officinalis is then the source of the Rose oil that the Romans used in great quantity as well as the petals. They made crowns and garlands of petals, they strewed the ground with it, filled some of the cushions. At the time of the banquets, if a pink were suspended, homage to Harpocrate, god of silence, the guests were to keep secret the words exchanged “under the pink”. They used some of such quantity that the culture of the pink locally became an activity economically important and that Rome also imported by boat of the pinks of Egypt (from which it was most important export towards Rome), of Carthage and of Cyrénaïque (current the Libya).

Thus sixth century BC at the 2nd century during all this period of Greek domination then Latin, the pinks circulated of Perse in England, of Greece in Egypt.

On the the Middle Ages, there is little information: at the 6th century, the convents cultivated pinks, the king Childebert Ier had a rosery (pinks of Paradise according to the Fortunat bishop) in his field towards Saint-Germain-of-Meadows, and at the 8th century in its Capitulaire De Villis, Charlemagne quotes the pinks among the plants to be cultivated. At the 12th century the day before the Crusade S, Albert Large the note like cultivated rose trees Rosa rubiginosa , Rosa canina , Rosa arvensis and Rosa ×alba .

New rose trees

Thibaud IV, count de Champagne and king de Navarre returns in 1240 of a crusade which did not enable him to reach the Holy Places, but it brings back Rosa gallica officinalis that it makes cultivate with Provins, from where its name of “pink of Layered branches”.

Then in fact the rose trees of Damas are brought back crusades. They are of two kinds, the early ones, hybrids of Rosa gallica X Rosa phœnicia and the late ones, hybrids of Rosa gallica X Rosa moschata

At the end of the 16th century, on the one hand Rosa fœtida comes from Persia to Europe, and on the other hand the rose trees of Europe arrive to North America where exist Rosa virginania , Rosa carolina and Rosa will setigera . Up to that point the changes and hybridizations are spontaneous. Thus, at the 17th century, a change of Rosa gallica reveals the “pinks with hundred sheets”, Rosa centifolia , whose change at the 18th century gives the “sparkling rose trees” ( Rosa moschata ).

In the general History of the plants of John Gerald, published in 1633, are mentioned only 18 kinds of pinks, reds, pinks and white ( Rosa ×alba ) and until the end of the 18th century there existed in Europe and in the Mediterranean circumference only one about thirty species.

In 1781, to Europe the Rosa chinensis or `Old blush arrives', then the red form `pink Bengal'. They are not wild species, but pinks already cultivated in the gardens of China, selections of Rosa chinensis or hybrids of Rosa chinensis X Rosa gigantea to which will be added a yellow Rosa chinensis , `Park' S Yellow Tea-scented China' in 1824. Their crossing with the rose trees of Europe will reveal hundreds of new pinks.

It is the Portland cement duchess which obtains the first crossing with a red rose tree of China: the “rose trees Portland” were born. In same time, in Louisiana, the crossing of a musky rose tree and a rose tree of China given by Louis Claude Noisette is at the origin of the “rose trees Noisette” (`Blush Noisette', `Mrs Alfred Carrière'). And with the Meeting the crossing of the Rosa chinensis `Old blush' and of a pink of late Damas `Four Seasons' signs the arrival of the “rose trees Bourbon” (`Zéphirine Drouhin', `Souvenir Malmaison').

Between 1803 and 1814, Joséphine de Beauharnais sends botanists throughout the world to enrich the collection by its rosery of Malmaison which gathers more than 242 varieties including 167 gallic pinks. In spite of the blockade, the nursery gardener John Kennedy crossed the English Channel to provide it pinks. Its rosery included/understood gallica , moschata and damascena , but also of the chinensis and new species. The collections of Malmaison were a treasure for the French nursery gardeners. Their catalog of 1791 comprised 25 species, that of 1829 counted 2562 of them of which much without much interest quickly disappeared.

The 19th century, the crossing of the rose trees of China, of Bourbon, Portland cement and Hazel nut allows the creation of the “modern” rose trees. In 1858, place has, thanks to Pasteur Hole, one impassioned of the pinks, the first national exposure of the pinks of England. In 1867, Jean-Baptiste Guillot creates `France', the first bush with large flowers or “Hybride of the”.

In same time, of Rosa will multiflora , rose tree liana brought back of Japan to the 18th century, are created by hybridization the many rose trees bushes with grouped flowers, the “floribunda”.

The “French company of the pinks” is founded in Lyon in 1886. It still publishes its review, the friends of the pinks .

The 20th century sees the glory of the rose trees bushes to large flowers with creations of Georges Delbard, of Meilland (`Peace' or `Mrs Meilland'), of Griffith Buck. Then David Austin, by crossing the gallic ones and the Damas with modern pinks creates the “English pinks” which combine the characters of the old pinks to the “floribundity” of the modern pinks.

Symbolic system of the pink

The pink in the history

It is especially by its value symbolic system that the pink left its perfume in the History. Some examples:

Among Greeks, the pink was the flower of Aphrodite, goddess of the love and Aurora, the goddess with the fingers of pinks.

The Romans attach the pink to Venus. The pink white, but would have been reddened accidentally when Cupid reversed its wine glass on it.

It appears that the first night of love between Cléopâtre and Marc Antoine would have proceeded on a bed of rose petals of forty-five centimetres thickness.

In the Canticle of the canticles, the pink symbolizes Israel and in the book of the Parsi S, it pink is born without spines and is armed with it only after the appearance of the genius of the evil on ground.

About the year 400, Rosa ×alba becomes the emblem of the Vierge, which is at the origin of the catholic devotion of the Rosaire.

When in 1187, Saladin takes again Jerusalem with the Crusaders, it makes purify the mosque of Omar by Eau of pink brought by a caravan of 500 camels. And in 1453 Mehmed II also purified with the water of pinks the Byzantine church of Constantinople before converting it into mosque.

The War of the Two-Pinks of 1453 with 1485: she opposed Rosa ×alba , white pink of the Maison of York and rosa Gallica , red rose of the house of Lancaster, from where after the marriage of Henri VII Tudor and Elisabeth of York, the emblem of Tudor the red pink in white heart and later the creation of the rose tree `York and Lancaster'. The pink is today still the flower symbolic system of England.

The Rosière S, virtuous and pure young girls, at the origin crowned of pinks

The Rosicrucian brotherhood, mystical secret society having for emblem a red rose fixed at the center of a cross.

The " White Rose of Finlande" , national order Finnish created in 1919 to reward the services rendered to the country.

the white Rose, movement of opposition to Hitler whose founders were guillotines in 1943.

More recently, the red rose, associated by François Mitterrand with the French Socialist party. This symbol was also adopted by other European political parties like the workers party in the United Kingdom and PSOE in Spain.

In November 2003, the pink is the symbol of the non-violent movement of the “Révolution of the pinks” in Georgia.

The pink into heraldic

The pink is one of the “movable ” used in Héraldique and undoubtedly the flower most represented in this field after the Fleur of lily. The stylized drawing is inspired by the wild rose with five regularly spread out petals rounded, between which the points of the sepals appear, with in the center a button, often of different color, the stem is absent. In certain cases one represents a pink tigée and broken into leaf, more realistic, she is said “to the naturalness”. The heraldic pink appears in particular on the blazon many communes of France.

The pink in the Language of the flowers

The red rose is also the flower of in love one, it symbolizes the love and the Noces of pink symbolize the 17 years of Mariage in the French folklore.

The pink, national symbol

The pink is the national flower several countries: England (pink Tudor), Bulgaria, the United States, Finland (pink white), Iraq, Maldives, Romania.

The pink was also selected like official emblem by several States of the United States: Georgia ( Rosa laevigata ), Iowa ( Rosa arkansana ), New York, North Dakota ( Rosa blanda or arkansana ), Oklahoma.

The pink in the expressions and phrases French

And to supplement, some expressions:

“To be fresh like a pink” : to have a pretty dye, rested air.
“not to feel the pink” : to feel bad.
“To send on the pinks” : to get rid of.
“To discover the pot with the pinks” : to discover the truth.
“a mawkish story” : a history mièvre
“It is not pink without spines” : any pleasure comprises its share of sorrow

The pink in literature

Poetry Persian

Saadi, the gulistan or garden of pinks

Poet and Soufi, it starts to write the gulistan , jewel of the medieval mystic soufi, philosophical nap written in worms and poetic prose in 1278 (656 of the Hégire). Saadi was révéré like a preacher of the mystical order of the pink. Among all the allegories of this collection, intended to reveal the major nature of the beings and things, and thus to bring to a spiritual awakening and to perceive the reality of the existence. An excellent illustration of the lesson carried by the metaphors of gardens and pinks is in this passage: Soufi was plunged in a deep meditation on the divine being; with leaving its daydream his/her companions asked him which miraculous gifts it had brought back garden of contemplation where it had been transported: I intended to gather for you pinks full my dress, but when I was in front of the rose tree, the perfume of the flowers enivré me so much so that I could not make a geste.

Quatrains of Omar Khayyam on the wine, the friendship, its garden and the pinks

He was mathematician (he wrote inter alia the treaty on the difficulties of the definitions of Euclide), astronomer (he was one of the eight astronomers who worked with the reform of the Moslem Calendrier of 1074), and poet. Its quatrains with the images often difficult to decipher bring into play the wine, the garden and the pinks. Its tomb with Nishapur is furnished with rose trees whose two cuttings were planted on the tomb of the English poet Edward Fitzgerald who translated it, published in 1859 and thus made known in Europe.

“I fell from sleep and wisdom says to me:

never in the sleep the pink of happiness flowered for nobody…

the season of the pinks and the wine and the drunk companions!

is happy one moment, this moment it is your life

see, the breeze tore the dress of the pink,

of the pink whose nightingale was enamouré;

is necessary it to cry over it, is necessary it to cry over us

death will come to thin out the leaves of us and other pinks will refleuriront. ”

European

The Romance of the Rose , one of the most famous works of the the Middle Ages. Written by Guillaume de Lorris (towards 1236) then by Jean de Meung (between 1275 and 1280), this length allegorical Poem where the pink object of the search is the symbol of the perfection, described the attempt in love (the poet) to seize to be it liked, represented by a pink. And at the same time, Dante written the Divine comedy which concluded by a vision of white pink mystical.

At the 16th century, among poets and especially at Pierre de Ronsard, poetry uses the symbolic system of the pink, to evoke the brittleness of the human life:

“Nice let us see whether the pink…”

and

“live if believe me, do not await

tomorrow gather as of today the pinks of the life. ”

“I like the imitating mouth the pink. ”

< As former French, the participle present agreed in kind like of number. >

and at Crow, the pink shows the fast passage of time: : “time with the most beautiful things

enjoys to make an affront

it will be able to fade your pinks

as it wrinkled my face”

Two famous worms of François de Malherbe in the Stanza S, Consolation with Mister of Périer on the death of his/her daughter , associate the pink with the transitory beauty: : “And pink she lived what the pinks live,

the one morning space.

In Sleeping Beauty , tale of Grimm, Églantine are protected by a wall from wild roses and in The Parlement off Pink to Julia from Robert Herrick: Joined together in Parliament all these lords proclaimed the pink queen of the flowers .

The topic of brittleness is taken again by Victor Hugo in the Rose of Infante : small the infante, girl of Philippe II, sees the petals of its pink flying away under the action of the wind; at the same time the Invincible Armada is destroyed by a terrible storm.

At the 18th century, the expression “to gather the pink” had a gallant direction indicating the loss of virginity.

More recently (1980), the novel of Umberto Eco, the Name of the pink ( It names beyond rosa ), is a kind of medieval police investigation proceeding in Italy, but the history however does not reveal the choice of this title… The novel was adapted then to the cinema (1986).

The pink in arts

The fresco of Cnossos in Crete, which dates from represents pinks jaunesdont one does not know if they wild or were cultivated and already before 3500 av. J. - C., there were with Rhodos engraved coins of a pink.

In Iliade , written towards 1200 av. J. - C., Homère describes the shield of Achilles decorated with pinks.

A Broderie of pinks `Persan Yellow' of the 17th century was found with Ispahan. And the pinks never ceased being a decorative reason for the Tapisserie S, embroideries and weavings with the the Middle East as in Europe.

The art of the Stained glass with the Rosette S, decorated circular opening of stained glasses in the churches, pinks sublimated by the faith and skill of the glass Masters.

In painting, the pink is present in many tables related on the Vierge, but also to the love. Thus the Birth of Venus , of Sandro Botticelli shows us a sky where pink and petals float with the wind. One finds the pink in dead natures of the Flemish and Dutch painters of the 17th century, with sumptuous floral compositions, like at the impressionist .

Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759-1840) composes of 1817 to 1824 its work in three volumes the pinks , boards in Eau-forte in dotted line colored whose text is written by the rosierist Claude-Antoine Thory. These watercolours are carried out according to the collection of Malmaison of the Joséphine empress and are published between 1817 and 1824.

It is a constant decorative reason for the Faïence S which very frequently present as of the 17th century in central reason of the plates and the dishes a pink or a bouquet to the pink, monochromic or polychrome. Porcelain S.

One will not forget an art, the Chanson, which was worth with the pink not badly triumphs. Several generations of French cried by listening to the white Pinks , song of Pothier and Raiter, interpreted for the first time by Berthe Sylva in 1927. One will also think, with airs which crossed the centuries without losing a wrinkle, and especially With the clear fountain and Vive the pink and the lilac . One can also quote Roses of Picardy , made up in 1916 by Haydn Wood and interpreted in particular by Yves Montand and Rosa , sung by Jacques Brel, whose Latin variation, Rosa, rosa, rosam…, were used as refrain.

Few pinks on the other hand in the titles of films, if not The Pink of Rydell Mark with White beet Midler (1979), the Rose crimson of Cairo of Woody Allen, the Name of the pink of Jean-Jacques Annaud (1986) and Pink Bread and of Ken Loach (2000).

Industry of the pink

The Rose oil is obtained either by Distillation, proceeded which makes it possible to use the residue in the form of water of pink, or by Enfleurage, technique consisting in collecting the gasoline thanks to grease, from which one will extract then “concretes it”, then the “absolute one”.

The two species most cultivated for this use are Rosa damascena , or pink of Damas, and Rosa centifolia , cultivated a long time with Grasse under the name of “pink of May”. It should however be known that today one has many synthetic “copies” which make it possible to do without natural gasolines.

The pink in medicine

Rose syrup, rose sugar, rose honey were very much used with the Middle Ages to look after the headaches and heavinesses of stomach. And the water of pink was used in ointment and eye lotion. Until the 18th century one used much the eye lotions with the water of pink. And also the syrup with the pink, compresses of rose petals, decoctions of red roses, vinegar of pinks in the event of migraines, the honey of pink for the evils of throat and mouth ulcers.

The pink in perfumery

Since the Antiquity, the Parfum ery always made a great use of the pink, either in soliflore (the pink constitutes the essence of the perfume), or like heart associated with other gasolines in the perfumes known as notes floral , and more generally in about half of the female perfumes.

The water of pink is known for its softening capacity, in particular for the care of the face and of many beauty products use pink, at the same time for its perfume and its lenitive effect: make-up removers, masks, creams, lotions, essential oil in oils of massage, water of pink for the baths, like lotion or to scent the water of ablutions.

The water of pink is also used to purify the mosques in particular if they were soiled by the Christians.

The pink in kitchen

The rose petals can scent Sucre, a The, be the base of Liqueur S, as Confiture S, the water of pink can be used to scent Gâteau X, Bonbon S. the kitchens of the circumference of the Mediterranean and the East, Arabic, Persian, Turkish but so Indian, uses much the pink.

The water of pink scents cakes and delicacies, of the specialities as the Loukoum S with the pink are very famous.

The petals are used as a basis for many preparations:

Candy S with the pink,
Jam of pink,
Water of pink,
frozen of pink,
Honey with the pink,
crystallized petals of pink.

In France, the capital of the confectionery to the pink is Provins, of which the principal specialities are the jam of petals of pink, honey with the pink of Layered branches, the candies with the pink. In Iran, the harvest of the petals of pink takes place every year at the same time with Qamsar, near Kashan.

Other uses of the pink word

So in Latin the word rosa indicated at the same time the shrub and the flower, in pink French very quickly became an adjective (towards 1160), then a name of color.

First names

It is also a first name very widespread in Europe and Latin America ( Rosa and Rosita ), just like its derivatives, Rosalie, Roseline, Roselise, Rosemonde, Rose-Marie and Marie-Rose, and popularized in particular by holy the Rose de Viterbe and Rose of Lima (owner of the Latin America).

Metaphorical employment

Moreover, the pink word was frequently employed in a metaphorical way, generally because of the shape of the flower.

It is in particular the case in Botanique, where many plants bear the vernacular name of “pinks” always not deserved:

the Rose trémière, or papal pink, Alcea rosea , is a plant of the family of the Malvacée S;
the Rose of Christmas is the picturesque name of the black Hellébore ( Helleborus Niger ) of the family of the Renonculacée S;
the pink of the Alps, another name of the ferruginous Rhododendron ( Rhododendron ferrugineum L., family of the Éricacée S);
the pink of snake, Helleborus foetidus , also of the family of the Renonculacée S;
the Rose of India is a tagète ( Tagetes erecta L.), pertaining to the family of the Composée S;
the Rose of Jericho is called Selaginella lepidophylla (family of the Brassicacée S);
the pink of China, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis , family of the Malvacée S;
the pink of water, Nymphaea alba L., family of the Nymphéacée S;
the pink of the sky, Silene coelirosa , family of the Caryophyllacée S;
the pink of Notre-Dame, Paeonia officinalis L., family of the Renonculacée S;
the Rose of porcelain, Etlingera elatior , family of the Zingibéracées;
the bois de rose does not have anything to see either with the pink, and applies to two distinct species: on the one hand Dalbergia variabilis , related with the purple woods and used in cabinet work; other Aniba will rosaeodora , Lauracée S used especially in perfumery.

Among the other metaphorical uses of the pink, most known are:

the Compass card, term appeared at the 17th century and indicating a star with thirty-two divisions corresponding to the thirty-two surfaces of the wind on the compass;
the pink of sands, gypsum agglomeration of yellow or pink color found in some Deserted S (it is called also pink desert ).

Toponyms

The existence of important roseries is at the origin of the name of several common Frenchwomen: Chigny-the-Pinks (the Marne), Fontenay-Aux-Roses (Hauts-de-Seine), the Haÿ-the-Pinks and Mandres-the-Pinks (the Valley-of-Marne), Weak-the-Pinks (Seine-Maritime), Rosendaël (Northern, amalgamated with Dunkirk).

One meets also toponyms based on “rose tree” or “rosery”.

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