Rosa Luxemburg is militant a communist and German Révolution naire , born in Poland the March 5th 1870 and dead the January 15th 1919 at the time of the revolution spartakist in Germany.

Biography

Rosa Luxemburg (or Róża Luksemburg ) was born on March 5th, 1870 in the Polish city from Zamość, not far from Lublin. It resulting from a family of Jewish tradesmen and is made brilliant studies with the college of Warsaw.

It militates within a Polish revolutionary socialist party: “Proletariat”. Its political activity the constrained one to flee in Swiss. It is not 18 years old.

With Zurich, it resumes its studies which it concludes by a political thesis of economy on industrialization from Poland. In 1893, it launches the first number of the newspaper " The ouvrière" cause; who appears in Paris, then in 1894 it cofonde with Leo Jogiches the SDKP, social democrat Parti of the Kingdom of Poland (left Polish). The SDKP is founded a few months after the congress of Zurich of the Second International during which the delegation of the newspaper the working cause opposed the Polish Socialist party and with its supports. It will become SDKPiL in 1900 when it is combined with the Lithuanians.

It acquires German nationality and settles, in 1898, in this country where it militates within the Democratic Social Party (SPD) and of the Second International. It animates the left wing there being made heiress of the theories of Karl Marx. She affirms her qualities of theorician of the Socialisme by the coherence and the rigor of her analyzes, while polemizing against the reformists carried out by Eduard Bernstein in Germany or Alexandre Millerand in France.

She works as journalist for the socialist press, as translator (she speaks Yiddish, Polish, Russian, German, French), and like teaching at the school of the SPD. She gives courses of economy to it, of history of the economy, history of socialism.

Following the slaughter of the red Sunday on January 22nd, 1905 with Saint-Pétersbourg, the Revolution bursts in Russia. Rosa Luxemburg regains Warsaw in December and takes part in the insurrectionary movement which follows to Poland. Stopped, she is uncovered and comes very close to execution. Some time later it is released and assigned with residence in Finland.

It returns to Germany in 1906. In the years which follow it is found marginalized and censured within its party which chooses more and more the integration of the working class within the capitalist company. Evolution which leads to the vote of the appropriations of war in 1914.

Rosa Luxemburg, to the sides of Karl Liebknecht, is opposed to this warlike drift. It is stopped for that in February 1915. Released in February 1916, it is again stopped in July and remains in prison until November 8th, 1918, date on which it is released by the German Révolution.

For this period, it is excluded from the SPD and organizes in a clandestine way the revolutionary movement spartakist (Spartakus League), ancestor of the Communist party of Germany (KPD). It writes the program and specifies the tactics of this Party, founded in December 1918. Rosa Luxemburg directs the newspaper of its political training: “Die Rote Fahne” (the Red Flag). She writes texts where she criticizes the evolution of the Russian Revolution.

The insurrection known as spartakist starts the January 5th 1919, but the movement fails and repression is bloody. She is stopped with Karl Liebknecht and is assassinated the January 15th 1919 by a unit of Irregular forces, on order of Gustav Noske “police chief of the social democrat people” in charge of the repression of the insurrection.

Contributions

Rosa Luxemburg is a exégète Marxism. It has a perfect command of the concepts developed by Karl Marx; it makes use of this step to found its own analysis. She studies the new aspects of the Capitalisme of the time: Colonialism, accumulation of the capital… It thinks of the means of creating an alternative to this mode of economic development and policy, and theorizes in particular the Internationalisme. Within this framework, it develops a critic of the Nationalisme and fights of “national release”, which will be taken again thereafter by the Communists of councils:

In practice, she is opposed with SDKPiL to the independence of Poland and the national fight in general.

She considers that the revolution will be the work of the masses and not the product of a " before guard éclairée" who can only transform himself into a dictatorship " that of a handle of politicians, not that of the prolétariat".

It remains a reference of the revolutionary Socialisme and democratic Communisme. The Luxembourgisme takes as a starting point its practice and by its theory.

Adaptations of its life

Pierre Bourgeade devoted, in 1977, a part with Rosa Luxemburg: red Stars . By twinning his tragic destiny with that of Marilyn Monroe, which committed suicide, the playwright finds convergences between two routes of life a priori désaccordés.

A film left in 1985 (simply entitled Rosa Luxemburg ) and carried out by Margarethe von Trotta evokes the life of Rosa Luxemburg. The part played by Barbara Sukowa was worth to him the price of female role to Cannes in 1986. Otto Sander played the part of Karl Liebknecht.

In 2006, Anouk Grinberg reads letters of Rosa Luxemburg written with his/her friends (Luise Kautsky, Sonia Liebknecht…) during its detentions, under the title of " Rosa, the vie" with the theater of the Workshop.

Partial bibliography

• social Reform or revolution? (1898-1899)

• Mass and chiefs (1903)
• Centralism and democracy (1904)
• Strike of mass, party and trade union (1906)
• the Accumulation of the capital, contribution to the economic explanation of the imperialism (1913)
• the Crisis of social democracy (1915)
• the Russian Revolution (1918)

Bibliographies on line

• the Smolny Collective proposes a complete and detailed bibliography Works of Rosa Luxemburg in French language.

• See also a selection of texts of Rosa Luxemburg published in French.

Quotations

• “ Whoever wishes the reinforcement of the democracy will have to also wish the reinforcement and not the weakening of the socialist movement; to give up the fight for socialism, it is to give up at the same time the labor movement and the democracy itself. ” (social Reform or revolution? , 1899)

• “ Whoever decides in favor of the way of the legal reforms, with the place and against the conquest of the political power and the social revolution, does not choose actually a quieter, surer and slower way, leading to the same goal, but a different goal, namely, instead of the introduction of a new company, purely surface modifications of the old company not the suppression of wage-earning, but proportioning in more or less exploitation ” (Reform social or revolution? , 1899)

• “ the suppression of capitalism and the private property will not be able to be carried out in only one country. the socialist mode will put an end to the inequality between the men, with the exploitation of the man by the man, with the oppression of people by another; he will release the woman of the constraint to the man; he will not tolerate any more religious persecutions, the offenses of opinion ” (what we want, 1906)

• “ the wars is a barbarian phenomenon, deeply immoral, reactionary and opposite with the interests of the people ” (Declaration in front of the court of Frankfurt, February 1914)

• “ the cannon fodder, embarked in August and September any mouthful of patriotism, rots now in Belgium, in the Vosges, in Masurie, in cemeteries where one sees the benefit war to push thickly. ” (the Crisis of social democracy, 1915)

• “ It is an absolutely undeniable fact which, without an unlimited freedom of the press, an absolute freedom of meeting and association, the domination of the broad popular masses is inconceivable. freedom only for the partisans of the government, for the members of a party, so many are, it is not freedom. Freedom, it is always the freedom of that which thinks differently. ” (the Russian Revolution, 1918)

See too

External bonds

• Rosa Luxemburg in the Marxist Files on Internet

• Rosa Luxemburg in the Traditional of Social sciences , a French-speaking numeric library in social sciences and human
• Rosa Luxemburg in the Collective Smolny , biliography, articles and correspondence

Simple: Rosa Luxemburg

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