Ronald Wilson Reagan , born the February 6th 1911 and dead the June 5th 2004, is the fortieth president of the the United States of America. He is elected for two mandates of 1981 with 1989.

Biography

Childhood and schooling

Ronald Reagan is born the February 6th 1911 in Tampico (Illinois). His/her parents are of Irish origin, the great-grandfather of which it bears the name having emigrated in 1860. It joined the religion of his mother at 12 years, a branch of Christianity Protesting called “Disciple of Christ”, relatively tolerant and cash of very many followers. His/her father was catholic.

After its primary and secondary studies at the public school, it is allowed at the university of Eureka (Illinois), where it obtains a diploma in economy and sociology in 1932. It is a very good pupil and it made there of many friends who will remain to him faithful. As from 15 years and up to 22 years he will work during the summer like swimmer-rescuer and he says to have saved the life of 77 people. Wire of an alcoholic father, it shows an early talent of Acteur and storyteller. He comments on with the radio the matches of the Chicago Cubs (team of Baseball): starting from short indications received by teleprinter, its talent of storyteller and its imagination enable him to give life to the play. In 1934, whereas its teleprinter breaks down during the ninth and last sleeve from a match opposing the Cubs to the St Louis Cardinals, he invents even a succession of completely fictitious actions during which the beaters of the two camps manage to block the most vicious throws, and this until the re-establishment of its line.

Cinematographic career

Equipped with an advantageous physique and a beautiful voice, Reagan becomes an actor of very required supporting role with Hollywood. In 1940, it plays the part of George The Gipper Gipp (Georges the Cheater) in the film '' Knute Rockne, All American '' , from where it keeps the nickname “the Cheater” all the remainder of his life. Ronald Reagan, itself, think that its best role is in '' Kings Row '' (1942) where its character is amputee of the two legs; the title of its autobiography `' Which it is occurred of the remainder of me? besides `' refers to the dialog of film. Other notable films: '' Hellcats off the Navy '' and '' Bedtime for Bonzo '' , a film which will be worth many mockeries to him because its principal partner is a chimpanzee. One of stars crimped in the pavement of Hollywood Boulevard, the '' Walk off Famed '' bears its name.

Military service

Ronald Reagan is named officer of cavalry of reserve in the army of the United States in 1932 . It is versed in the army of active after Pearl Harbor and, because of its problems of sight, affected in a cinematographic unit of the air force which produces films of drive and formation. It remains in Hollywood throughout war and finishes with the rank of captain. Reagan took several times to be affected in a combat unit but, because of its astigmatism, was not accepted. It will remain despite everything to trust of its military past.

Televisual career

At the end of the years 1950, when the proposals for roles to the cinema become fewer, Ronald Reagan turns to television. He plays of many roles in televised parts, sometimes with his Nancy wife like partner. In 1955, it will present even on the chain ABC the opening ceremony of Disneyland. He becomes president of the trade union of the actors at the same time as its career passes from presenter of emission to that of producer. Its incomes reach 125.000 $ per annum at the end of the years 1950 (the equivalent of the price of a beautiful house). Its last regular use in television is that of organizer and actor of the series the Adventurers of Far West ( Death Valley Days ); its last film is the Killers ( The Killers ) turned in 1964 when he plays the part of a gangster chief.

Political career

Ronald Reagan begins in policy at the democratic from liberal tendency by supporting Franklin Roosevelt and her New Deal. It becomes gradually authentic a preserving with the social plan and tax. Its activities of president of the Screen Actors Guild (Trade union of the movie actors) bring it to the policy while being aligned on the senator Joseph McCarthy and while cooperating with the Parliamentary commission on the anti-American activities (House Committee one Un-American Activities) “to reveal the communist influence in Hollywood”. He denounces several of his allegedly communist colleagues while being firmly opposite, contrary to many anticommunists, with the prohibition of the American Communist party (CPUSA). Its political image is strengthened in the anti-Soviet climate of America of the years 1950: employed by the company General Electric, Ronald Reagan makes speeches anticommunists in radio programs and fact of the lecture tours.

At the time of the presidential elections of 1964, Reagan is a partisan of the preserving republican Barry Goldwater.

In 1966, Ronald Reagan is elected governor California. It was committed “giving the unemployed licensed to work” and “to make a great cleaning with the Université of Berkeley”; it returns the president of the university, obliges it to make the studies paying and uses the National guard to stop the demonstrations coeds. One of its greater frustrations relates to the Capital punishment which is suspended by the Supreme court in 1972 whereas it of it is in favor.

It vainly tries to become the candidate of the Republican party in 1968. A new attempt in 1976, against the outgoing president Gerald Ford, shows a failure with the convention of the Republican party. It obtains finally the republican nomination in 1980. The presidential campaign is marked by the business of the hostages in Iran. The Western press shows the Reagan camp to have made a secret agreement to keep the captive hostages until the exit of the elections. The majority of the analysts think that the incapacity of Jimmy Carter to solve the crisis of the hostages played a great part in its defeat and the victory of Reagan. This victory enables him to become the oldest president, it is 70 years old, at the time of its accession at the station. Four years later he will be re-elected very easily with nearly 60% to the popular vote and the near total of the votes of the Great Electors.

Presidency

March 30th 1981, sixty-nine days after its speech of nomination, one unbalanced named John Hinckley made fire with six recoveries and reached Ronald Reagan, James Brady, spokesperson of the White House, an agent of the secret services and an police officer. Reagan was touched with the chest. Shortly after the operation of extraction of the ball, which had little missed the heart, Reagan launched to its surgeons: I hope that you all are republican , and while blaguant with its Nancy wife: Darling, I forgot to plunge .

Reagan described itself as being:

• anticommunist

• for the reductions of tax S
• for a minimal State, except as regards defense
• for a deregulation as regards company law
• supporting the interests of the companies of all sizes
• supporting certain individual freedoms
• in favor of a severe repression of the delinquency

Its assessment is generally summarized as follows:

• increase in the military expenditure

• deployment of the missiles Pershing II in Germany in answer to the Soviet establishments of missiles SS-20 at the borders of Europe
• incentive with the deployment of the system of missiles Peacekeeper
• launching of the Initiative of strategic defense, also called Star Wars by the press
• armament and training of the anticommunists groups, such as the Countered and the Moudjahidines
• sale of weapons with combined of the United States: Taiwan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iraq…
• increase in the budget deficit
• intensification of the fight against drug
• fine of the inflation which had obscured the mandates of its predecessors, Jimmy Carter and Gerald Ford
• “Victoire” in the Cold war
• dismissal of the air-traffic controllers when they are reflected illegally burdens

with it

Reaganomics

The first mandate of president Reagan was in particular devoted to the rectification of an economy marked by the Stagflation (Inflation/Chômage). The policy reaganienne, partly founded on the modern theory of the offer ( supply-side economics ), sought to stimulate the economy by massive tax cuts. The majority of the economists agree on the stimulating role of a fall of the tax pressure, but the modern economists of the offer credit it with a very great efficiency. George Bush spoke “about economy voodoo” in connection with the economic ideas of Reagan, before becoming its vice-president. This policy was not to be long in being called Reaganomics , a term employed at the same time by the detractors of the president and its supporters. The falls of taxes combined with a strong increase in the military expenditure led to an enormous budget deficit and an increase in the national debt, which inflated of almost 200% between the beginning of the mandate of Reagan and that of its George Bush successor. On another side, the deficit was slightly attenuated by revenues from taxes in rise that some supporters of president Reagan allotted to the successful application of the fiscal policy preached by the modern theory of the offer. The critics of the president supported that in spite of the declarations of Reagan preaching a less tentacular Federal state, the federal expenditure and the bureaucracy had increased during its mandates. Enough naturally, there is a dissension on the questions of the responsibility for Reagan in the severe recession of 1982, of strong the Economic growth which started at the end of the first mandate and lasted during the second mandate, and of the fall of the purchasing power of the American employees of 1981 to 1989.

Soviet Union and the cold war

Like the majority of the important American politicians, Reagan had a true scenic presence. It could always hear and benefit from the public opinion. Its voice calms and its language closes were worth to him the nickname of large communicator ( Great Communicator ). March 8th 1983, it qualified the Soviet Union of “Empire of the evil” ( Empire off Evil ). Later during its mandate, whereas he spoke opposite the Berlin Wall, he put at the challenge the Soviet leader Mikhaïl Gorbatchev to destroy the wall. Certain historians estimate that these characteristics would have been unimportant without its perceptible enthusiasm for the United States and its strong belief in the individual.

Many partisans of president Reagan claim that it gained the Cold war. The experts consider however that the collapse of the Communisme in 1989 in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union is ascribable with the economic crisis of the Soviet system and the failure of the economic reforms and policies of the president Gorbatchev. The policy of Reagan as regards defense was articulated around a strong support for the army and creation of the doctrines “Peace in the force” ( Peace through Strength ). The Strategic Initiative of Defense (IDS, in English SDI , Strategic Defense Initiative ) one of its initatives is discussed: made fun by its opponents under the name of “ Star Wars ” (“Star Wars”) - underlining its fantastic or impracticable character, it was about a system of missiles of defense, having for objective to make the United States invulnerable to the attacks of nuclear missiles Soviet.

Criticisms of IDS supported that its technological objective was unrealizable. In addition, according to them, its implementation started again the arms race and increased the instability of the future international crises. Others critical made the point that the extraordinary investments that the multiple programs of IDS required constituted a wasting militaro-industrialist. The defenders of IDS regarded the project as a nail in the coffin of the arms race with the Soviet Union: it was a question for them of showing with Soviet who them arsenal of nuclear missiles would become obsolete and to weigh down the Soviet military expenditure by forcing investment additional enormous to maintain a nuclear force dissuasive. This expenditure would have then weighed down the economic difficulties of the USSR and would have accelerated its fall. Reagan maintained a narrow friendship with several preserving leaders throughout the world, in particular Margaret Thatcher in Great Britain and Brian Mulroney with the Canada. Generally, Reagan multiplied the personal contacts with the Heads of State, in particular by inviting them in its ranch or to Camp David for informal meetings.

Another aspect of the policy of Ronald Reagan, who was called the “Reagan doctrines”, consisted in more and more firmly fighting the communist influence in Latin America. This action, very discussed, led to the support of military governments not very respectful anticommunists of the Human rights. Besides the detractors of president Reagan showed it to undertake actions of secret and illegal guerilla (in particular the support for the Contras, the Nicaragua, after the fall of the dictator Somoza and electoral victory of the Sandinistas of Daniel Ortega). In 1983, Reagan ordered the invasion of the small island of Grenade which had just undergone a communist coup d'etat. Towards the end of its mandate, Reagan supported democratic emergence in Latin America by providing a generous financial aid to the States which organized free elections.

The business Iran-Countered

See also: Affaire Iran-Countered

The Reagan administration knew an important scandal and was the subject of investigations relating to its secret support for the conflicts Iranian and Nicaraguan: “the business Iran-Countered”. Two members of the administration, the adviser with the national security John Poindexter and colonel Oliver North, had concocté a plan worked out to sell weapons with the Iranian government and to distribute the benefit to the guerillas Contras anticommunists with the Nicaragua, country which suffered from a bloody civil war. These two actions were illegal. Reagan declared that he was unaware of this fraud but admitted that he had approved the initial sale of weapons in Iran, making the point that these sales were to help with the release of the American hostages retained in Lebanon by the group of terrorists Hezbollah, which was supported by Iran.

Reagan made known quickly its wish to see naming an independent prosecutor to inquire into the scandal which became extensive and collaborated with this prosecutor. This reaction saved its mandate. It was recognized guilty only to have exerted a negligent control on its team, fact which explained its ignorance of the sales of weapons. Though regarded as an honest man by the majority of American, several other scandals affected its mandates: corruptions and tradings of favors implying the members of the presidential cabinet led to the judgment or the resignation of more than 130 official. The reputation of the president however did not suffer from it what was worth to him to be affublé of a new nickname, “president Teflon”, by the democratic deputy Patricia Schroeder. A term which meant that no criticism or boob stuck to him and who was useful later for other presidents and other scandals.

Fight against drugs

The policy of Reagan as regards fight anti Drogue worsened the sorrows of imprisonment of the Infraction S with the legislation on the Stupéfiant S while decreasing the funds allocated with the medical care of the dependence to drug.

This policy led to a big raise of the incarceration population in the United States. The critics affirmed that this policy had little impact on the product sales narcotics or the criminal statistics but constituted a very heavy financial and human burden for the american company. Nevertheless, firmness as regards repression of the Délinquance was a big part of the policy of president Reagan. This circumstance, added to the fall of the social budgets, explains sometimes why one reproached Reagan his indifference with the underprivileged classes.

Others

• Reagan laid off 11.359 air-traffic controllers burdens on August 5th, 1981 with it to have been unaware of its injunction of resumption of work. Curiously, the trade union of the air-traffic controllers ( Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization-PATCO ) had been one of rare to support the Reagan candidate vis-a-vis Jimmy Carter a few months before.

• Reagan sent the Navy to the Lebanon in spring 1983. After several minor attacks, a truck full with explosives destroyed their barracks and caused the death of 241 Marines. Two days later, Reagan ordered the invasion of Grenade, small island of the Caribbean. Three months later, the Navy was withdrawn from Lebanon.
• on July 13rd, 1985, Reagan undergoes an surgical operation to be made withdraw a polyp cancerous colon. The clause of presidential interim, laid down by the 25e amendment with the Constitution of the United States and investing under certain conditions the vice-president, was called upon for the first time of the history on this occasion. January 5th, 1987, Reagan undergoes an operation of the Prostate which fed concern on its health condition.
• president Reagan was criticized in 1985 at the time of an incident during an official trip in the Federal Republic of Germany. April 11th, the White House announced that the president would visit the military cemetery of Bitburg and would deposit a crown in memory of the German soldiers died during the two world wars. This gesture became discussed when it appeared that a small number of the tombs (between 49 and 56) contained the remainders of soldiers having been useful in the units Waffen-SS. In spite of the protests, in particular from Elie Wiesel, Reagan passed in addition to while considering that its gesture would help with the reconciliation between the former enemies.
• It tried to make classify the Ketchup (see Malbouffe) in vegetables.
• Reagan off appears in the form of puppet in the video clip of the song Land confusion of the group Genesis.

Heritage and withdrawal of the public life

With many regards, Reagan was the founder of the modern Republican party. Its redefinition of tax conservatism founded on falls of taxes not taking into account the balance in the budget; its opposition to the progressive imposition, the questions of environmental protection and the Abortion; importance attached to a puritan public opinion (the Moral Majority); and even its support for the systems of missiles of defense, are as many points which became characteristic of the posterior republican leaders, including George W. Bush. The immediate predecessors of Reagan, such as Richard Nixon and Dwight Eisenhower would not have accepted them in a program of the Republican party.

Four years after its departure of the White House, in 1992, the Maladie of Alzheimer was diagnosed at Reagan and gradually forced it with insulation. It informed the country in a letter of November 5th, 1994. In the years which followed, it lost the capacity of speaking in a coherent way then to carry out simple tasks. It broke the hip in a fall in 2001, still reducing its autonomy. He celebrated his 93e birthday in 2004 and thus became, until November 2006, the former oldest president of the history of the United States (title held thereafter by Gerald Ford).

He is deceased the June 5th 2004 in his house of Bel Air with Los Angeles (California). Its funeral, on June 11th, was the first organized with as much pump for an American leader since those of the democrat Lyndon Johnson in 1973.

In June 2005, the American televiewers place Ronald Reagan in number 1 of their list of the greatest personalities having marked the history of the country. It precedes Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King.

Quotations

• Answering criticisms in 1980 after having confused “depression” and “recession”, Reagan had affirmed in public: " It was said to me that I could not use the word depression. I will give you the definition. A recession it is when your neighbor lost his employment and a depression it is when you lose yours. The recovery, it is when Jimmy Carter loses her poste".
• " The State is not the solution with our problems… the State is the problem "
• " The State it is like a baby, a digestive tract with a large appetite with an end and any direction of the responsibilities to the autre."
• " A taxpayer: it is somebody who works with the profit of the State without being compels to pass the contests of fonctionnaires."
• " How is a Communist recognized? Eh well, it is somebody who reads Marx and Lénine. And how is an anticommunist recognized? It is somebody who included/understood Marx and Lénine".
• " The people do not cause the wars, they are the gouvernements."
• " The great minds are not with the government. If it were the case, they would be engaged by the entreprises."
• " The 9 words more terrifying language are: I am government and I come you aider."
• " There are too many people who cannot see large sitted beside small without concluding from it that the large one exploited the small one! "
• " The effectiveness of the social assistance should be measured starting from the number of people who are extracted some, rather than by the number of people who there viennent."
• " It was said that politician was the second older profession. I carried out that it resembles the première." much;
• " The administrations have a vision of the economy which can be summarized in a few words: " If that moves, tax it. If that continues to move, control it. If that stops moving, subsidize to it. " "
• " From the four wars which took place of my alive, none came because the United States was too forts."
• " Here my strategy for the cold war: they lose, us gagnons."
• " I have just signed a law banishing Russia for always (...). The bombardment will start in five minutes." (" plaisanterie" of August 14th, 1984)

Catalog of films

• 1937 : Coils Is one the Air : Andy McCaine
• 1937 : Hollywood Hotel : Radio anouncer
• 1938: Sergeant Murphy : Private Refusals Reilley
• 1938: Swing Your Lady : Jack Miller
• 1938: Accidents Will Happen : Eric Gregg
• 1938: Cowboy from Brooklyn : Stalemate Dunn
• 1938: Mysterious Doctor Clitterhouse ( The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse ): Radio operator Announcer (voice)
• 1938: Servant boy Meets Girl : Radio announcer At first
• 1938: Girls one Probation : Neil Dillon
• 1938 : Brother Rat : daN Crawford
• 1938: Going Places : Jack Withering
• 1939: Secret Service off the Air : Lieutenant “Arm” Bancroft
• 1939: Victoire over the night ( Dark Victory ): Alec Hamm
• 1939 : Code off the Secret Service : Lt. “Arm” Bancroft
• 1939: Wrong notes ( Naughty Drank Nice ): ED “Eddie” Clark
• 1939: Hell' S Kitchen : Jim Donohue
• 1939: The Angels Wash Their Faces : Deputy Dist. Atty. Patrick “Stalemate” Remson
• 1939: Smashing the Money Boxing ring : Lieutenant “Arm” Bancroft
• 1940: Brother Rat and has Baby : daN Crawford
• 1940: Year Angel from Texas : Marty Allen
• 1940 : Murder in the Air : Bancroft Arm, aka Steve Swenko and Steve Coe
• 1940: Knute Rockne All American : George “The Gipper” Gipp
• 1940: Tugboat Annie Sails Again : Eddie Kent
• 1940 : the Track of Santa Fe ( Santa Fe Trail ): George Armstrong Custer
• 1941: The Bad Man : Gilbert “Gil” Jones
• 1941: Million Dollar Baby : Peter “Pete” Rowan
• 1941: International Squadron : Jimmy Grant
• 1941 : Nine Lives Are Not Enough : Matt Sawyer
• 1942 : Crimes without punishment ( Kings Row ): Drake McHugh
• 1942 : Juke Girl : Steve Talbot
• 1942 : Desperate Journey : Flying Officer Johnny Hammond
• 1942 : Beyond the Line off Duty : Narrator (voice)
• 1943: For God and Country : Father Michael O' Keefe
• 1943: Junior Classification : Narrator
• 1943 : The Rear Gunner : Lt. Hearts
• 1943: This Is the Army : Johnny Jones
• 1947: Stallion Road : Larry Hanrahan
• 1947 : That Hagen Girl : Tom Packsaddlled
• 1947: the Adventure with two ( The Voice off the Turtle ): Sergeant Bill Page
• 1949: John Coil Mary : John Lawrence
• 1949: Night Unto Night : John Galen
• 1949: Venus in front of its judges ( The Girl from Jones Beach ): Bob Randolph (Robert Venerik)
• 1949: The Hasty Heart : Yank
• 1950 : Louisa : Harold “Hall” Norton
• 1951: The Big Truth : Host/Narrator
• 1951: Storm warning : Burt Rainey
• 1951 : the Last bastion ( The Last Outpost ): Capt. Vance Britten
• 1951 : Bedtime for Bonzo : Prof Peter Boyd
• 1952: HongKong : Jeff Williams
• 1952: The Winning TEAM : Grover Cleveland Alexander
• 1952: She' S Working Her Way Through College : Prof John Micrometer caliper
• 1953: Tropic Zone : daN McCloud
• 1953: Law and Order : Frame Johnson
• 1954: Prisoner off War : Webb Sloane
• 1954: the Queen of the meadow ( Cattle Queen off Montana ): Farrel
• 1955: the Brawler of Tennessee ( Tennessee' S Partner ): Cowpoke
• 1957 : Hellcats off the Navy : Cmdr. Casey Abbott (Captain, US Starfish)
• 1961: the White blouses ( The Young Doctors ): Narrator (voice)
• 1963: Heritage off Splendor : Narrator
• 1964 : With bearing end ( The Killers ): Jack Browning

Notes and references of the article

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