Romance of Renart - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Context

As of the 12th century, the middle-class has its clean Littérature, true social satire before the letter. It is essentially malicious, picturesque, sometimes grivoise or, contrary, morals but generally realistic. There us remain about it primarily Fabliau X ( Estula - the greyhound and the snake - the Joke of Master Pathelin - Moniage Guillaume - Death Artu : Anonymity of the 13th century…) and especially the Romance of Renart .

It is a work made up of short independent accounts, sometimes in prose, generally in octosyllabic worms . Written in French, Romance Language from where the Romance name , there exist 27 written branches about it, during times, by different authors. It puts in scene animals including the two principal ones: the wolf “Ysengrin” and especially the goupil “Renart”, the so famous hero. The King-lion, is used to him as referee. The account contains 80.000 worms, with rhymes punts to support the quotation of these accounts (they were told, in various forms, by the Jongleur S with the population, very few people knowing to read and write with the Moyen-âge).

Interpretations

These satirical texts have various functions:

- of social criticism of the classes dominant, unable to nourish the people of modest means; of parody of the courtly romance and chansons de geste, interfered anticlericalism;

- psychological (even cathartic): transgression of religious taboos (God is absent and the social forms of the religion - pilgrimage, crusade and simply clergy - are scorned and ridiculed) whereas central antagonism between Renart and Ysengrin calls upon the primitive scene (the rape of the she-wolf).

These texts inspired certain contemporary authors like Carl Gustav Jung, in the creation of its concept of interior Enfant and Paul Radin, in his study of the Trickster. These authors were challenged by the figure of Till mischievous the or that of the fox in the Romance of Renart, inter alia, as model of what they named the " rascal divin" : a mischievous, malicious and facetious being.

Only, Renart denounces (the hunger, violence, the silly thing…) but nothing proposes.

The latest works ( Renart Bestourné (with back) of Rutebeuf , or the anonymity Counterfeited Renart the , (1319 - 1342) still accentuates the satire.

According to some interprétations, Renart would represent the small people, always ready with thousand “jugglings” to survive; Ysengrin: middle-class, door and licensed; Grimbert, the badger: brown clergy and, the bear: the nobility. But in the text, all the characters are explicitly introduced like pertaining to the nobility. Renart is a knight who lives in his castle of Maupertuis and is the first to make fun of unpleasant and with living with their costs by even ridiculing them while not hesitating to kill them.

For other interpreters (which seems to go even further), the novel would be a representation of the primary family unit. Goupil would be the woman, a little crafty one, a little witch and the wolf, the eternal husband, extremely and brutal, always ready to benefit from its natural advantages but finally always Bern. A family whose patriarch, would be the lion; the corbel, the mother-in-law; the bear: the father-in-law, etc Besides, these roles “traditional”, are found, almost with identical, in several other European cultures (Finland, Sweden, Romania, Russia), or even Eastern (China, Inuit S, Mongolia…).

The brothers Grimm see there a “animalist epopee (Thiersage) come from Germanic via Tacit. What would confer Indo-European roots to him”.

Then, would the authors of the Novel be, of the animalist painters? Not, little them chaut; the world of the animals, mirror of the human world, is useful before very criticizing this one. The authors make fun of all, of the knights to the pilgrims, justice to the courtiers, showing hypocrisy everywhere. Successor of Ésope, it precedes the fables of Jean of the Fountain.

And so in the final analysis, Renart, in this interminable cycle, had created another universe: his?

In short, these accounts are so rich that each one can find there what it seeks there. In any event, it is almost always Renart which gains.

Origins

Origin of the names

Renard (or Renart) is a name of anybody of origin Germanic: Raginhard ( ragin = council + hardware = hard ). Let us not forget it, the substantive fox is at the beginning a first name; it is the popularity of the fore-mentioned goupil Renart which made a substantive little by little of it.
Derived: Raynard , carried in particular in the Vendée, Puy-de-Dôme and in region of Lion.

Alternatives: Raynart , Rainart (06), Rainard (79, 86). Regnard , carried in particular in the Yonne and the Somme; it is a name of anybody of Germanic origin identical to Renard .

Alternatives: Regnart (51, 80); Réginard , Reynard , carried in the region of Lion and the Vaucluse.

In the poem of Nivard of 1148, several animals find a fixed name, of long time, by the tradition. It is: Reinardus the goupil, Balduinus the ass, Bruno the bear. The name of the other animals do not reappear any more… invented for the circumstance, they will disappear with their author.
In Germany, nowadays, Reinhart is a patronym enough running. Moreover, we find in the “Glichezâre”: Reinhart for Renart , Dieprecht for Tibert , Diezelin for Ticelin . By singular exchanges, these terms of origin mérovingienne (thus Germanic) then appear to be Latinized then recovered by French, front, to be again germanized then finally definitively refrancized.

Ainsi goupil comes from Latin Vulpes but the Francs prefer to him the term mérovingien Reinhardt which will be first once francized in Reynard (or Reynart ), taken again in German such as it is, Latinized in Reinardus then in Renardus before being definitively refrancized in Renard or Renart . It should be acknowledged, it is rather complex and one could lose his Latin easily there.

As for Ysengrin , Ysen-grin , it means in Flemish “wild like iron” or “iron helmet”.

Origin of the texts

These texts result from a long tradition of animalist accounts in Latin, in particular:

Ysengrimus , as well as esopic fables gathered with the the Middle Ages in named collections “Isopet S”.

It can be found in:

of the popular, undoubtedly very old tales for some
of the Latin authors (Ésope)
of the low-Latin poems, especially:

the Disciplined clericalis , collection “of exempla” (small moral tales) of made up Eastern origin in Latin towards 1110 by Pierre Alphonse, doctor Sépharade converted with the Christianisme. One finds there accounts promised with a durable success in the European literature like the first known development of the “Tale of the wolf and the fox in the well” (connects IV of the Novel) or of the accounts providing the intrigue of other famous French tale in verse.
the Ysengrimus : 6.500 worms in Latin distiches, where one finds for the first time, the character of Reinardus) of the Flemish clerk Nivard of Ghent which he wrote in 1148 - 1149 under the title first of “Renardus vulpes”.

in the accounts of Marie de France, appeared in 1152.

Caution: the Romance of Renart is not a novel strictly speaking, but a disparate whole of accounts into octosyllabic various lengths, called as of the Middle Ages “branches”; one counts of them 25 to 27 from 300 to 3.000 worms, that is to say some 25.000 worms. The branch I, oldest (v. 1170) is allotted to Pierre de Saint-Cloud. As of, the branches are gathered in collections, bringing a certain unit.

If the French original text were lost, one finds of it a first translation in German in 1170, in Alsace, a trouvere named Heinrich der Glichezâre ” ( Henri the Hypocrite ) produced “Reinhart Fuchs” which he swore autobiographical. Towards 1250, appears “to Reinaert of Your”, in Flemish, composed in two parts by two different authors, of which the first, the Willem trouvere, who worked in Flanders Orientale, was a poet with the recognized talent.

Texts

One can read several adventures époustouflantes with repetitive characters. In this book, the texts are written in novel (old French). Some expressions are sometimes hard to include/understand especially for young people. These texts inform us on the Middle Ages, the famine and all the problems which one can find there.

Identified authors

One of the first authors known in is Pierre de Saint-Cloud, scholar, who made appear in first half of the childhoods of Renart (The childhood of Fox - Branch II). Such as it is, this text of almost 1100 worms is rather difficult to read, here is however a short extract:

"Lords, oï have many tale

That many conteres your aconte,

Conment Paris delighted Helayne,

the evils that it in ot and the paine, 4

De Tristram which It Chievre fist,

Which enough bleat in dist

And fables and chançons of gesture,

Romanz of him and its epic, " 8.

Richard de Lison, is the second clearly identified author.

But there are 28 other not-identified authors.

Branches

They varied with the liking of the republications.

Branch I ; If conme Renart manja fish aus carters , ( How Fox ate fish of the carters ), Jugement of Renart. Sit of Malpertuis. Renart Dyer.

Branch II ; the enfaces Renart , ( the childhood of Fox ) of Pierre de Saint-Cloud.

Branch III ; If conme Renart fist Ysangrin monk , ( How Fox made Ysangrin monk ).

Branches IV - VI ; the Well. Chanteclerc. the Titmouse. Tibert. two priests, Rams, the Woman of the unpleasant one.

Branches VII - IX ; Renart and the corbel. the Rape of Harrow. Gotten rid of (the escondit). the Duel of Renart and Isangrin. the Pilgrimage of Renart.

Branches X XI ; Liétard. Renart and the death of Brown. vespers of Tibert.

Branches XII - XVII ; catch Poisson. Moniage d' Isengrin and fishing with the bucket. joint Tilling and the collaboration of Renart to the work of King Connin. the Confession of Renart. Isengrin and the Martin priest. Isengrin and the Mare. removed Bacon.

Branches XVIII - XIX ; the Death of Renart. The Division of the lion. Renart doctor.

Branch XX ; Renart emperor.

Branch XXIV ; Birth of Renart (second version): “When God had driven out Adam and Eve of the terrestrial Paradise, it gave a Magic wand to them. It was enough for them to strike the sea of it so that an animal appears at once, Adam made leave the kind all the animals useful for the man, while Eve populated the ground of cruel and wild animals. Thus…”

was born Renart

Characters

Renart : the mischievous goupil, main character of these accounts. Complex and polymorphic, (energy of the good righter of wrongs devil such Zorro ( Spanish fox in ), with the lustful and discharged demon) it incarnates the intelligent trick related to the art of the fine words.
Ysengrin : the stupid and cruel wolf, enemy eternal of Renart, always deceived. His Dame wife Harrow the she-wolf, “was formerly violated” by Renart; from where an eternal rancour.
Primaut , the damp Noble wolf
, the Lion: king
Proud Lady , the lioness
Beaucent , the Wild boar
Belin , the ram:
Baudoin (or Bokart), the ass: secretary of the king.
Brown (or Bruno or Bruin), the bear (according to the color of its dress, or according to a traditional Germanic name)
Chantecler , the cock: it was carried by Renart, but drew some healthy and except.
Chanteclin , the cock: he is the father of Chantecler.
Couard , the Hare
Eme , the Monkey: husband of Rukenawe Lady, guenon
Grimbert , the Badger: defender and cousin of Renart.
Grymbart , vixen: sister of Renart.
Hermeline , vixen: marry Fox which some had disentangled with Hersent.
Harrows , the she-wolf: marry of Ysengrin which invited Renart to sleep with it, one day or it saw it in the absence of her husband.
Tibert , the Cat: it was made in spite of him trap by Renart.
Ticelin , the corbel: it concealed a cheese with the window of a country house and was made it fly by Renart.
White , the Hermine
Brichemer , the stag: seneshal
Bernard , the ass
Corbant , the rook
Sharpebek : marry of Corbant.
Crossed , the Geline
Courteous , small Dog
Drouin , the Sparrow
Hubert , the Escoufle (Milan, raptor specific to the hot and moderated areas)
Firapel , the leopard
Jacquet , the squirrel
Lady Titmouse , the Titmouse whose son has Renart for godfather
Musart , the Chameau: Papal legate
Ordegale , woman beaver
Pantecroet , the Otter
Percehaie, Malbranche, and Renardel : Wire of Fox and Hermeline
Roonel , the mâtin (large Dog)
Lady Rukenawe , guenon: marry of Eme, the monkey.
Late , the Snail
Vader de Lantfert : wire of Lady Pogge de Chafporte and Macob.
Rohart the corbel:
Russet-red the hen

To center the Novel in the history

According to the scholar Lucien Foulet, his composition spreads out 1174 with 1250. Twenty-eight independent authors collaborated in it, of which only two made a point of transmitting their name to us. These writers carried out a main work, and with success.

Rutebeuf wrote a bestourné Renart the , and Jacquemart Giélée of Lille, a Renart New the . The Crowning of Renart (anonymous) date of second half of. Maurice Delbouille in French Lettres of Belgium (directed by Charlier and Hanse) identifies his author by his language, " strongly marked Picardy dialectal characteristics and wallonnes" , with a clerk living at the Court of the Count de Namur. The Crowning of Renart by the roughness of its tone, the violence of its calling into question, appears as detached of the Romance of Renart itself although it owes him much.

With, one rewrites Counterfeited Renart twice the ; the first is the work of a spice tradesman; the second, true nap does not count less than 40.000 worms (produced between 1319 and 1342).

In 2004,4 French tale in verse renardins were still produced.

Thus 9 centuries after its birth, Renart the malignant one saw always, at least in the books (and in the hearts).

Adaptations

The Romance of Renart was adapted many times in modern French because of many people had wished it.

Cartoon

the Romance of Renart is a series of Cartoon for the youth published with the editions Delcourt.
to also see Benjamin Rabier ===Cinéma===

the Novel of Fox is a feature-length film of animation with Marionnettes left to France in 1937.

the Romance of Renart is a feature-length film of animation left in 2005.

Television

In 1985, the Romance of Renart was adapted and “was rather freely modernized” in a series of French animation entitled Me Renart .

Theater

the Romance of Renart was the subject of an adaptation tells and theater by Totem Théâtre of Colmar (spectacle always in exploitation)

Web

the Novel of Goupil the fox , which goes back to 2006, is a freely adapted continuation of the Romance of Renart .

See too

Jacquemart Giélée

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