Rifle of attack

The rifle of attack is a Arme of shoulder conceived so that a Soldat is able to draw in an effective way until approximately 300 meters in semi-automatic mode (distance beyond which the targets are not easily distinguishable without glasses), and with approximately 30 meters in automatic shooting .

It offers a great versatility.

It can indeed draw step by step, like a traditional rifle. It then has a precision and of a (carried shooting) lengthens comparable with those of the rifle.
It can also draw by gusts. The precision and the range decrease, but the weapon then has the Capacité of saturation with short distance of the Pistolet-mitrailleur.
Bon many rifles of attack can also draw from the specific grenades since their gun (known as “rifle grenades”), even if the current trend is rather to associate to them for that a lance-grenade of 40 mm, in spite of the lack of power of this type of grenades in comparison with the rifle grenades.

History

The rifle of attack is a specifically military weapon appeared during the Second world war in the German army in the form of the FG-42, which remained nevertheless closer to rifle machine gunner than of the rifle of attack, then Stg44, considered as the first genuine rifle of attack. This last confined a ammunition of a power lower than the ammunition of rifle but more powerful than that of the machine pistols. The power of the ammunition was always determining at the time of the development of this type of weapon.

Thus, the first Western rifles of attack, industrialized during the Years 1950, heavy and cumbersome because were confined for powerful the Munition of 7,62 NATO, while their charger included/understood generally only 20 cartridges. The FN FAL used a long time by the British army is an good example of the weapons of the time. They offer excellent a lengthens in semi-automatic shooting (up to 600 meters) but this ammunition is at the same time too heavy, cumbersome and powerful (energy with the mouth E ₀ of approximately: 3500 Joule S) for an automatic rifle. To reduce certain harmful effects of the considerable generated retreat, the stick of shoulder was placed on line with the axis of the gun in order to limit the raising of the gun.

In spite of that, the automatic shooting is difficult to control and remains very expensive. The 7,62 NATO seemed all the more an oversize ammunition for an individual weapon that, according to the military doctrines, the distances from engagement to rifle surplus seldom 300 meters and that the action aims before very moving away all the resources from the enemy of the thus fighting activities to wound seriously rather than to kill.

On its side, the the USSR followed the example of Stg 44 by developing in 1947 more known AK-47 under the name Kalachnikov which is to date the rifle of attack more produced in the world. The Arme is barrack room for the 7,62×39 mm, a Munition of a Caliber equivalent to the 7,62 less powerful NATO but ( E ₀ of approximately: 2000 joules) allowing an automatic shooting more controlled and chargers of 30 cartridges less heavy and cumbersome since the cartridge is lighter and 25% shorter. Its simplicity and its robustness were from the start very appreciated. Certain models of AK-47 were produced with a retractable metal stick thus offering a weapon less cumbersome to transport and more compatible with confined spaces (vehicles or buildings) but more difficult to employ because presenting less inertia thus jumping more during the shooting in automatic mode.

The Soviet doctrines at the end of the Second world war postulated that its soldiers were poor gunners; they were consequently equipped with a weapon intended for the automatic shooting in order to increase the Capacité of saturation. NATO, decided to compensate for its numerical inferiority by a better drive, had conceived rifle S capable of shooting of precision.

During Years 1960, the the United States solved the problem of the power of the ammunition by developing small a Caliber whose light and fast ball is designed to feed a rifle able to ensure an automatic shooting useful. First of all named AR-15, the rifle mitigated the weaknesses of rifles of attack of first generation because drew from the .223 Remington, from which the 5,56 NATO will result. This Arme will become the M16 of which the ammunition has a power ( E ₀ of approximately: 1700 joules) similar to that of the 7,62×39 Soviet mm but which is lighter, which makes it possible to develop less retreat and a greater quantity of ammunition in operation. The countries of NATO will be equipped gradually with Arme S barrack rooms for this Munition, the weapons barrack rooms for this gauge weigh approximately 4 kg and are generally equipped chargers with 30 cartridges.

In the Années 1970 the the USSR will follow the movement by developing AK-74 barrack room for a specific ammunition, the 5,45×39 Misters This Soviet Munition is of a power ( E ₀ of approximately: 1400 joules) lower than its during NATO.

Rifles of attack will then be declined in various forms, including/understanding for example a short gun and a retractable stick, a heavy gun for a better precision, a silencer, an architecture of the type Bullpup, fixed glasses with weak enlargement which makes it possible the gunner to focus the target and the reticle at the same time, of the standard rails making it possible to install any type of equipment, in particular systems of aimings (laser designator, glasses with weak or strong enlargement, night vision)…

Futurology

For the future, several armies of the world think of the increase in Firepower and of the lengthens individual weapons returned to their direction necessary by the combat less structured today. The first stage started already well consists in associating with rifle a system of very robust aiming. Good number of systems are being studied: aiming off-set since the weapon to the eye of the gunner such as for example Cat-like FAMAS allowing him to adjust its shooting while remaining with cover as well as a night vision, computers of shooting like that of FN F2000…

Integrated weapon systems made up of three modules, a rifle of attack, a system of aiming integrating a computer of shooting, a semi-automatic lance grenade are also developed. These projects XM29 OICW (previously called SABR) with the the United States, PAPOP (acronym of PolyArme POlyProjectile) of GIAT in France remain however discussed enough because the weapons become particularly heavy and cumbersome. Besides these projects seem today to be at the died point, the American project was officially suspended and no recent news filters French project.

Other innovations were tested, such as for example the HK G11, of the German firm Heckler und Koch (H&K), is a rifle drawing from the ammunition without cases (“ caseless ”), did not exceed the stage of the prototype. One still counts prototypes, the such Steyr ACR, drawing from the darts with very high swiftness in order to improve the range which them either do not seem to have to leave the experimental statute.

Rifles of attack by country of origin

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