Richard of York

Richard Plantagenêt or Richard of York (September 21st 1411 - December 30th 1460), Count de March, of Cambridge and Ulster, then 3rd Duke of York. He was family member royal English.

By the War of the Two-Pinks, it disputed the throne of England to the king Henri VI (of the Maison of Lancaster), throne to which its own house (the Maison of York) reached after its death, via its sons Edouard IV (1461 - 1483) and Richard III (1483 - 1485), of its grandson Edouard V (which very briefly reigned in 1483), and of its great-grandson the king Henri VIII (1509 - 1547).

Biography

The parents of Richard of York descend both directly from the king Edouard III. His/her father Richard de Conisburgh, 3rd Count de Cambridge (carried out for treason in 1415 by the king Henri V, wire of Jean of Ghent, 1 {{er}} duke of Lancaster and 3rd wire of Edouard III) is itself wire of Edmond de Langley, 1e Duc of York and 4th wire of Edouard III. His/her mother Anne de Mortimer is the back-small-girl of Lionel of Antwerp, 1e Duc of Clarence and 2nd wire of Edouard III.

Having thus, especially with his/her mother, an excellent claim with the Throne of England, Richard of York starts to exert it as of 1448 by taking as family name that, for a long time unutilised, of Plantagenêt. It is a direct challenge with the weak king Henri VI.

Around 1424, it marries Cécile Neville (itself downward of Jean of Ghent). Become Count de March with died of his uncle Edmond de Mortimer, 5th count de March, it takes then the title of Duc of York, inherited his uncle Edouard of Norwich.

The king Henri VI pretense to lose the reason in 1453, York is named Lord Protecteur, but must the following year give up this position because of the re-establishment of the king and the birth of a heir, Edward of Westminster. Nevertheless, York gradually gathers forces ready to take its party, and the civil war known as Guerre of the Two-Pinks bursts in 1455.

The honest forces with the king are under the command ambitious Edmond Beaufort, 2nd Duc of Somerset. What does not prevent the Yorkiste S from begin with a success: they gain the May 22nd 1455 the First battle of Saint-Albans, during whom Edmond Beaufort is killed.

However, York is soon forced to make walk-back and to reconcile with the king Henri VI. Four years pass thus in an extremely fragile climate of peace.

The conflict takes again in 1459: York and its partisans lose their civic rights and are, the November 20th 1459, considered as traitors. York must be exiled in Ireland, while his/her oldest son Edouard de March (the future king Edouard IV of England) flees with Calais with Lord Salisbury and his son Richard Neville, 16 {{E}} count de Warwick, most powerful combined of York.

York only becomes given about it to conquer, and give to the Yorks, the throne of England; it gains finally a great victory over the Lancastres with the Bataille of Northampton (July 10th 1460).

During this battle, it captures the king Henri VI which, thereafter, is obliged, in accordance with the Acte of Agreement, to recognize York for heir, which disinherits his/her own son Edward of Westminster. York would have wished to adapt the throne immediately, but for such a usurpation, even Yorkiste as enthusiastic as the Count de Warwick, Richard Neville, granted only one limited support to him. On the other hand, the English Parliament, considering the claim of the Yorks higher than that of the Lancastres, accepts the compromise which makes to York the heir to the throne.

As one could expect it, the Lancastres, carried out by the woman of Henri VI, Marguerite of Anjou, refuse the Acte of Agreement (which disinherits Edward of Westminster) and continue the war. Side of the troops yorkists, it is Richard of York in person which directs the operations. Thus it is killed, the December 30th 1460, with unfortunate (for Yorkistes) the Bataille of Wakefield, his 17 year old son Edmond de Rutland and Lord Salisbury being captured and being decapitated after the battle. York is buried in Pontefract, but its head like those of his/her son and Lord Salisbury are planted on piles with the doors of the town of York, on order of Marguerite of Anjou. Later, which remains of its skin is transported to the church of Fotheringhay.

Less than one year later, the oldest son of Richard of York reaches the throne of England under the name of Edouard IV. He reigns until in 1483. His/her son, the young person Edouard V, briefly succeeds to him before being, the same year, deposited (and probably assassinated at the same time as his/her brother) by their uncle, the Duc of Gloucester (second wire of Richard of York), which becomes thus the king Richard III.

Descent

Cécile Neville (sister of Lord Salisbury and aunt of the Count de Warwick) gives him 13 children:

  1. Jeanne of York (1438)  ;

  2. Anne of York (August 10th 1439 - January 14th 1476), consort of Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter  ;
  3. Henri of York (born the February 10th 1441)  ;
  4. Edouard IV of England (April 28th 1442 - April 9th 1483)  ;
  5. Edmond (May 17th 1443 - December 31st 1460), count de Rutland  ;
  6. Elisabeth of York (April 22nd 1444 - after January 1503), consort of John of the Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk  ;
  7. Marguerite (Margaret) of Burgundy (May 3rd 1446 - November 23rd 1503), wife of Charles of Valois-Burgundy, known as Charles Bold the, duke of Burgundy (marriage celebrated the July 3rd 1468);
  8. William of York (born the July 7th 1447)  ;
  9. John of York (born the November 7th 1448)  ;
  10. George (October 21st 1449 - February 18th 1478), Duke of Clarence  ;
  11. Thomas of York (born towards 1451)  ;
  12. Richard III of England (October 2nd 1452 - August 22nd 1485)  ;
  13. Ursula of York (born towards 1454).

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