Richard Ier of England
See also: Richard Lion-hearted (homonymy), Richard Ier
Richard Ier of England known as Lion-hearted (September 8th 1157, palate of Beaumont, Oxford - April 6th 1199, Châlus, High-Vienna). Of 1189 with 1199, it was King d' Angleterre, duke of Normandy, duke of Aquitaine, Count of Maine and Count d' Anjou.
Wire of Henri II of England and Aliénor of Aquitaine, Richard is high in France at the court of his mother, which is worth to him in its youth the nickname of Poitevin . He becomes count de Poitiers and duke of Aquitaine at eleven years. After the death of his older brother, he becomes heir to the crown of England, but also to the Anjou, the Normandy and the Maine. (See the article Richard Lion-hearted, ascent on three degrees).
During its reign which lasts ten years, it remains only a few months in the kingdom of England. It uses all its resources to leave to the third Croisade, then to defend its French territories against the king of France, Philippe Auguste, to which it had however been combined before against his own father. These territories, for which it lent allegiance to king Philippe, constitute most of its Plantagenêt heritage.
Before becoming king d' Angleterre, Richard is before a whole prince of the continent, primarily eager to enter the legend by important facts of weapons.
The English call it: Richard Ier , French: Richard Lion-hearted , or Òc E Not (for its capacity to quickly change mood, òc meaning “yes” in occitan poitevin, its native language) and the Buckwheats: Melek-Ric or Malek Al-Inkitar (king d' Angleterre). In Arab, its name is used to frighten the children: “King Richard will come to seek you if you do not pay attention! ”. In its time, he is regarded as a hero, and is often described like such in the literature. It is also a poet and a writer famous at his time, in particular for its compositions in language limousine.
He is the father of a natural child: Philippe de Cognac.
Childhood
Third wire of Henri II of England (the elder one, called Guillaume, born in 1153, died at the three years age), Richard is not intended to succeed to him. He is however the preferred son of his mother and, when his/her parents separate, he becomes his heir with the crown to Aquitaine in 1168, then under Count de Poitiers.
Revolt against Henri II
Like the other legitimate children of Henri II, it shows little respect for his father and misses long-term perspicacity as well as direction of the responsibilities.
In 1170, his/her brother Henri the young king is crowned king d' Angleterre, before the death of his/her father. It is thus named to differentiate it from his father, since it does not reign yet.
In 1173, Richard joined his brothers Geoffroy II of Brittany and Henri the Young person in their revolt against their father. Already equipped with strongholds by their father, they hope to replace it indeed with the capacity, thorough in that by their mother.
After his failure, Richard occupies himself to subdue the noble dissatisfied ones with Aquitaine, especially in Gascogne. Richard founds Marmande in 1182 settles and builds there many strong castles in the surroundings (Soumensac). He is made a dreadful reputation of cruelty, with many rape charges and murder. The rebels hope for détrôner Richard and call his brothers with the assistance. Henri II is afraid that this war between its three sons does not lead to the destruction of its kingdom, and it launches its army to its assistance. The June 11th 1183, Henri the young king dies, and Richard is always on his throne.
Richard has an imperative reason to be opposed to his father: Henri II took as mistress the princess Alix, girl of the king Louis VII, whereas she is promised in Richard. That returns to the eyes of the Church the marriage with technically impossible Richard. But Henri, wanting to avoid an diplomatic incident, does not confess his error of control. As for Richard, it gives up the marriage only in 1191.
The friendship between Philippe Auguste and Richard compares this one to a homosexual relation. The historian Jean the Verdon stresses that in the absence of being able to affirm that it was homosexual, it is possible to conclude that it was Bisexuel. According to Flowered Jean, he was a “general-purpose ribald”, because, attracted by the boys, he liked also the fair sex.
Crowning, news revolts
The death of his/her Henri brother leaves Geoffroy like the oldest son and the heir-at-law, in the event of died to the old king. However, the intentions of King Henri are not clear. When Geoffroy also dies, Richard remains the only realistic option, Arthur, the son of Geoffroy and the heir-at-law, being too young to resist to him. Richard then is considered, though officially not proclaimed, heir to the thrones of England, Normandy and Anjou.
In 1188, Henri II projects to make Jean without Ground - future king Jean of England - the heir to the crown of Aquitaine. To be opposed to it, Richard is combined with Philippe II Auguste, in exchange of his recognition of vassalage for Normandy and Anjou, and homage in November 1188 returns to him.
In 1189, uniting with the forwarding of Philippe against his father, Richard seizes the throne of England. With the agreement of Jean, Henri agrees to make of Richard his heir. The June 6th 1189, Henri II dies in Chinon, and Richard succeeds to him as king d' Angleterre, duke of Normandy and count d' Anjou. He is crowned duke the July 20th, and king in Westminster the September 3rd 1189.
Because of an incident during the celebrations of its crowning, follow of religious and political persecutions of the Juif S in the country.
Preparations of the crusades
Richard is apparently worried very little fate of England. He seems to want to engage in multiple adventures, and to be celebrated by the Troubadour S. He is eager of immortaliser his name, and to gain his place with the Sky. He has intense spiritual aspirations obviously, and in order to deserve to take the cross, he swears to give up his last bad conducts.
Richard is very absent from his kingdom of England, preferring to devote itself to his French possessions and the Holy Land crusades. He grew on the continent, and even never sought to learn the English language. Shortly after its accession with the throne, it decides to join the Third crusade, inspired by the loss of Jerusalem, taken by Saladin. But, fearing that the king of France, Philippe Auguste, does not usurp his territories in his absence, he persuades it to join him. The two kings take the cross the same day.
Richard is shown to make little for England, being satisfied to exhaust the resources of the kingdom while borrowing from Jews to finance his forwardings in Holy Land. He also raises the taxes, and spends the major part of the treasure of his father. He gathers and borrows as much money than he can it, releasing for example the king of Scotland of his homage in exchange of: 10000 marcs, and selling many official loads and other rights on grounds.
In 1190, it leaves finally for the third crusade with Philippe Auguste since the port Marseilles, leaving Hugues, bishop of Durham and Guillaume de Mancheville as regents. Guillaume de Mancheville dies quickly and is replaced by Guillaume Longchamp. His/her Jean brother, dissatisfied with this decision, puts himself at manigancer against Guillaume.
In addition, it is thanks to the important reforms of his/her father legislation justice that it is possible for him to leave England for all this period.
Sicily
In September 1190, Richard and Philippe arrive in Sicily. In 1189, the king Guillaume II of Sicily disappeared. Its heiress, her aunt Constance, future queen Constancy I {{Re}} of Sicily, is married with the emperor Henri VI. But immediately after the death of Guillaume, his cousin Tancrède de Lecce rebels, takes the control of the island, and at the beginning of 1190, is crowned king de Sicile. He is preferred by the people, and the Pape, but he is in conflict with the noble ones of the island. The arrival of Richard accentuates the difficulties. Tancrède imprisoned the widow of Guillaume, the queen Jeanne, the sister of Richard, and the money does not give him of which she inherited according to the will the late one. Richard claims the release of his sister, and that its heritage is given to him. During this time, the presence of two foreign armies causes disorders among the population. In October, the population of Messine revolts, asking that the foreigners leave the island. Richard attacks Messine and the October 4th 1190 takes it. After plunderhaving plundered it and burnhaving burned, Richard establishes there his camp It remains there until March 1191, when Tancrède finally agrees to sign a treaty. This one is signed, always in March, by Richard, Philippe and Tancrède. Here are the terms:- Jeanne must be released, to receive its share of heritage as well as the dowry which his/her father had given to fire Guillaume,
- Richard and Philippe recognize Tancrède like legally king de Sicile and wish to preserve peace between their kingdoms,
- Richard proclaims officially his nephew Arthur of Brittany, the son of Geoffrey, like his heir, and Tancrède promises to marry in the future one of his/her daughters with Arthur, when it is major (Arthur is then four years old).
Having signed the treaty, Richard and Philippe take again the sea. The treaty shakes the relations between England and the Saint Germanic Roman Empire, and causes the revolt of Jean without Ground, which hopes to be proclaimed heir in the place to its nephew. Although its revolt fails, Jean consequently continues to plot against his brother.
During April, Richard stops on the Byzantine island of Rhodos to avoid a storm. He leaves it in May, but a new storm brings its fleet to Cyprus.
Cyprus
The May 6th 1191, the fleet of Richard arrives in the port of Lemesos (now Limassol), and Richard seizes the city. When the despot of the island, Isaac Doukas Comnène is able to stop the crusaders, he discovers that he is too late, and withdraws in Kolossi. Richard makes call Isaac to negotiate, but this one breaks its oath of hospitality and claims the departure of Richard. This one launches out then with its cavalry against the army of Isaac in Tremetusia. The few roman catholics of the island unite in Richard, as well as the noble ones of the island, in revolt against the seven years undergone under the tyrannical yoke of Isaac.
Although Isaac is defended bravely, the army of Richard more important and is equipped better, which ensures the victory to him. Isaac continues resistance starting from the castles of Pentadactylos, but after the seat of its castle of Kantaras, it goes finally, and Richard becomes the new Master of Cyprus.
He plunders the island, and massacres those which try to resist to him. During this time, promised of Richard, Bérangère de Navarre, first-born of the king Sanche VI of Navarre, finally joined it on its road towards the Holy Land. Their marriage is celebrated in Limassol, the May 12th 1191. The sister of Richard, Jeanne, followed it from Sicily, and attends the ceremony.
The marriage does not produce a heir, and the opinions divergent on the agreement between the husbands. Unhappy Bérangère has as much evil than her husband for his return voyage, and re-examines England only after the death of Richard.
Crusade
Richard, with almost all his army, leaves Cyprus for the Holy Land at the beginning of June. In its absence, Cyprus must be controlled by Richard Kamvill. Richard arrives at Acre in June 1191, in time to put an end to the seat of the city by Saladin. Deserted by Philippe and finding itself with the duke from Austria, Léopold V of Babenberg, it is found suddenly without allies.The tactics of Richard ensure his success the seat of Acre and walk towards the south which follows. The men of Saladin appear unable to harass the army with the Crusaders. However, the desertion from the French king is a major blow, of which they cannot be raised. Realizing that it is not likely any to preserve Jerusalem if it takes the city, Richard sounds the retirement. Although being with only a few kilometers of the Holy City, it refuses to pose the eyes there, because God, says he, decided that it would not be that which would conquer it.
It realizes that its return cannot be delayed any more: Philippe and Jean use his absence to increase their capacity.
It decides to leave Conrad de Montferrat like king de Jérusalem and Cyprus between the hands of protected sound, Guy de Lusignan. But it receives a new blow with the assassination of Conrad before its crowning, and it is replaced by the nephew of Richard, Henri II of Champagne.
Capture and return
Following the operations of Philippe, the duke Léopold V of Babenberg captures Richard on his way of return, close to Vienna, with the autumn 1192. Richard indeed publicly insulted it during the crusade. Imprisoned to Dürnstein, it is then delivered to the emperor Henri VI which claims a ransom of 150 000 marc of money for its release. Although the conditions of its captivity are not strict, he is frustrated by impossibility of travelling freely. Of this imprisonment the legend from Blondel is drawn. The emperor releases it in February 1194 against a first payment of 100 000 marc of money, taken on the English treasure, which leaves the bloodless kingdom during several years. The emperor also extorts to him an oath of allegiance of the crown of England to the Empire. He turns over then to England.During his absence, his/her Jean brother is close conquering the throne. But Richard forgives him, and makes even its heir to it, whereas while growing Arthur displeases to him.
Once more it are repent of its sins, at the time of the second crowning, then sets out again in Normandy to fight Philippe, who pursues the French strategy to weaken the empire angevin. After its departure in May 1194, it does not turn over to England.
During several years of war, he manages to rectify the situation and to defend Normandy effectively. He makes build for this purpose a series of castles whose Castle-Strapping man close to the Andelys celebrates it, on Right Bank of the the Seine, but also the fortress of Arch-the-Battles, as well as the castles of Radepont in the valley of the Andelle; Montfort-on-Risle in the valley of the Risle; Orival on the Rock Whip overhanging the the Seine upstream of Rouen above Tweed and makes improve the castle of Moulineaux overhanging the the Seine downstream from Rouen. However, the pope imposes a truce to him which benefits Philippe Auguste. Richard dies the April 6th 1199 of the consequences of a square received during the seat of Châlus in France, castle of his vassal. He is buried close to his parents in the Abbaye of Fontevraud (located not far from Saumur), but its entrails are buried in Châlus, where they are always preserved. Its heart rests in the cathedral of Rouen, capital of Normandy. He would have convened Pierre Basile, the principal rafter which had stripped the fatal feature to him, and would have been impressed so much by the refusal of the man to subject itself, whom he would have forgiven him, all the more easily as he thought his wound without gravity. Richard will die nevertheless of gangrene caused by the wound and Basile will be skinned sharp and put at died following the death of Richard.
Richard has many admirable qualities, like much of others, less brilliant. It is a military, astute engineering in policy in several ways, although incredibly scatterbrain in others. It is in addition eager not to lend the side to the public opinion. It is at the same time capable of great humility and arrogance.
It is very respected by its larger military rival, Saladin, like by the Henri emperor, but it is also haï per many his former friends, especially king Philippe.
He is concerned little with his own security: the wound which at a rate of him would not have taken place if it had been correctly protected by an armor; thereafter, its infection could have been avoided. A very similar incident had already occurred ten years before, when, combatant against his father, it had met, disarmed, Guillaume the Marshal, and had had to beg it to have the safe life.
The existence of Richard is a series of contradictions. Although having neglected his wife and that the priests were to recall him of him to be faithful, it is affected by the news of its death.
Jean succeeds Richard on the throne of England. However the French territories reject it, at the beginning, preferring their nephew to him Arthur of Brittany, wire of their Geoffroy brother, of which the rights are technically better than them his.
The legend of Robin of Wood is traditionally during the reign of Richard Ist However, the only certainty on Robin Hood is that he lived with the {{XIIe}} or 13th century. It is well later that one establishes a bond between the two men, only by affirming that the objectives by Robin is to restore Richard on the throne whereas prince Jean usurped it.
See too
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