Requiem
see also: Etymology of Requiem
See also: Requiem (homonymy)
The Requiem ( requiés meaning rest ) or Mass of requiem, also known in Latin under the name of Missa pro defunctis or Missa defunctorum is a service Liturgique of the Church roman catholic. This mass is a prayer for the hearts of late and takes place right before the burial or at the time of ceremonies of the memory. This service is sometimes observed by other Churches Chrétiennes like the Churches Anglicane and Orthodoxe. Its name comes from the words of opening of the Introït: Requiem æternam gave eis, Domine, and lux perpetuated luceat eis (gives them, Seigneur, the eternal rest, and that the incréée light illuminates them).
Requiem is also the name of many musical compositions used at the time of the liturgical service or like part of concert (a full version of the liturgy for the requiem, in English, can be found on). In the beginning, these traditional musical compositions of requiem was really played during the funeral service with songs. This procedure is now rare.
Catholic liturgical texts
Prayers and pieces of music of the traditional mass as the Introït normally change according to the liturgical Calendrier, but the requiem is a votive Messe, whose text does not vary. From the point of view of the number of sung pieces, the mass of requiem differs from the usual mass owing to the fact that certain merry passages are removed like the Gloria, the Credo and the Alleluia (which is replaced by the milked) and because of existence of a sequence, the Dies Iræ . One can note in addition that in Gregorian chant, the Kyrie and the Sanctus follow a clean melody, and the Agnus Dei has specific words.Here texts of the requiem in the catholic liturgy:
-
Introït ( Introitus ):
- "Lord, give them the eternal rest, and make shine for them the light without decline. God, it is in Sion that your praises with dignity are sung; to Jerusalem one comes to offer sacrifices to you. Listen to my prayer, You, towards whom will go all the mortals. Lord, give them the eternal rest, and make shine for them the light without déclin".
- Kyrie eleison , the Kyrie of the ordinary Mass:
- " Lord, have pity. Christ, have pity. Lord, have pitié."
- Gradual ( Graduale ), associated with the Feature:
- "Lord, give them the eternal rest, and make shine for them the light without decline. The Juste will remain in a memory eternal, of which it does not have to fear bad a réputation."
- Milked :
- "Exonerate, Seigneur, the hearts of all the faithful late ones of any bond of sin, and that, helped by your grace, they deserve, Seigneur, to escape the judgment avenger and to taste with the joys of the light éternelle."
- Sequence ( Sequentia ): Dies iræ, dies illa (See Dies Iræ for the complete text)
- Offertoire ( Offertorium ):
- "Lord, Jesus-Christ, King of glory, deliver the hearts of all the faithful late ones of the sorrows of the hell and the abyss bottomless: deliver to them mouth of the lion, so that the horrible pit does not absorb them and that they do not fall into the place from darkness. That Saint-Michel, the carry-standard, introduces them into the holy light. That you promised formerly in Abraham and its posterity.
- We offer to you, Seigneur, the sacrifice and the prayers of our praise: receive them for these hearts of which we make memory today. Lord, make pass them from dead to the life. That you promised formerly in Abraham and its postérité."
- " Saint, saint, saint the Lord, god of the celestial Forces. The sky and the ground are filled with your glory. Hosanna with highest of the skies.
- Blessed either that which comes in the name of the Lord. Hosanna with highest of the cieux."
- Agnus Dei , the Agnus Dei of the Mass, but with miserere nobis changed into gave eis requiem , and gave nobis pacem changed into gave eis requiem sempiternam :
- "Lamb of God which remove the sins of the world, give the their rest.
- Agneau of God which remove the sins of the world, give the their rest.
- Agneau of God which remove the sins of the world, give the their rest éternel."
- Agneau of God which remove the sins of the world, give the their rest.
- Communion ( Communio ):
- "That the eternal light shines for them, Seigneur, in the middle of your Saints and forever, because you are miséricordieux. Lord, give them the eternal rest, and make shine for them the light without decline. In the middle of your Saints and forever, because you are miséricordieux."
The Dies irae became optional in the Requiem in 1967 and was removed Mass in 1969, which conversely reintroduced the Alléluia in this liturgy.
These texts are those of the mass itself. One adds to it sometimes other texts of the liturgy of the late ones:
- Exonerated marked in the church, which with the musical form of Repons:
- Delivers me, Seigneur, of eternal death, in this frightening day:
- where the sky and the ground will be shaken, when you come to test the world by fire.
- Here that I tremble and that I am afraid, in front of the judgment which approaches, and the anger which must come.
- This day must be day of anger, day of calamity and misery, memorable day and very land-mark when you come to test the world by fire:
- gives them the eternal rest, Seigneur, and that the light shines forever on them.
- where the sky and the ground will be shaken, when you come to test the world by fire.
- let us répons It Subvenite, sung with the lifting of the body:
- Come, saints of God, Accourez, angels of the Lord,
- Prenez its heart and present owe it the face of the Almighty.
- V. That the Christ who called you you receives, and that angels lead you in the center of Abraham.
- V. Give him, Seigneur, the eternal rest, and that the perpetual light illuminates it.
- Prenez its heart and present owe it the face of the Almighty.
- Exonerated " in paradisium" , a antienne marked on the tomb:
- That the Angels lead you to the Paradise; that Martyrdoms accommodate you on your arrival, and you introduce into the Jerusalem of the sky.
- That the Angels, in chorus, receive you, and with that which, that you were formerly the poor Lazare enjoy the eternal rest.
Musical compositions
During several centuries, the texts of the requiem were sung in Gregorian. The first version known Polyphonique was composed by Ockeghem about 1460; its requiem is regarded as a copy of an older type-setter, Dufay. The first requiems use various texts of several European liturgies before the Concile of Thirty does not adopt the text above. The requiem of Brumel, about 1500, is the first to include the Dies Iræ .To date more than 2000 requiems were made up. The versions of the Rebirth are in theory has cappella (i.e. without instrumental accompaniment) and approximately 1600 type-setters preferred to use instruments to accompany a chorus and also use singers soloists.
The majority of the type-setters omit parts of the liturgy, most of the time the Graduel and the Trait . Fauré and Duruflé did not include the Dies Iræ (it is included in the Libera me in the requiem of Fauré), whereas this text was often used before by the French type-setters like only works.
From time to time, the type-setters divide part of the liturgy into one or two movements because the length of the text, the Dies Iræ is generally cut in several pieces (as in the Requiem of Mozart). The Introitus and the Kyrie which are consecutive in the Catholique liturgy are often gathered in only one movement.
Added movements
Certain arrangements contain additional texts like the Motet Pie Jesu (Dvořák, Fauré, Duruflé, and Lloyd Webber; Fauré placed it as soprano solo in the center). The Released to me (coming from the Discharge) and the In paradisum (coming from the burial which in the case of the funeral follows the mass) finish certain arrangements. Other movements also were composed like the Psaumes English Out off the Deep and The Lord is My Shepherd included in the requiem of John Rutter.
Released to me
Released to me, Domine, of dead æterna, in die illa tremenda, quando coeli movendi sunt and will terra. Dum veneris judicare sæculum per ignem. Tremens factus sum ego and timeo, dum discussio venerit atque Ventura will go. Dies iræ, dies illa, calamitatis and miseriæ, dies magna and will amara valde. Requiem æternam gave eis, Domine: and lux perpetuated luceat eis.
In paradisum
In paradisum deducant to you Angeli; in tuo adventu suscipiant to you martyrdoms, and perducant you in civitatem sanctam Jerusalem. Chorus angelorum you suscipiat, and cum Lazaro quondam paupere æternam habeas requiem.
Black and white Jesu
The Pie Jesu combines and paraphrase the final worms of the Dies Iræ and the Agnus Dei .Pie Iesu Dominates, gave eis requiem. Eis requiem sempiternam gave.
Requiems in concert
Beginning of the 18th century and until the 19th century, of many type-setters wrote so long requiems or using as well musicians as they could not be played during a normal funeral service; the requiems of Gossec, Berlioz, Made green, and Dvořák are Oratorio S. a negative feedback with this movement came from the movement Cécilien which recommended an accompaniment restricted for the liturgical music and saw of an evil eye the use of vocal soloists.
Noncatholic requiems
The term “requiem” is also used to indicate any composition crowned with the religious text adapted for funeral, in particular the requiems of the other confessions. The German requiems composed at the 17th century by Schütz and Praetorius belong to oldest the requiem of this type; they are adaptations Luthériennes catholic requiem. They were used as inspiration with famous the German Requiem of Brahms.
Noncatholic requiems:
- Protesting
- Lutheran (German)
- Anglican (English)
- Hebrew - Orthodoxe Kaddish
- orthodoxe Church of Greece - Russian Parastás
- orthodoxe Church - Panikhida
Funeral service Anglican
The Livre of the public Prayers ( , 1662) Anglican contains seven texts known under the name of funeral sentences ; several type-setters wrote starting from these seven texts known under the name of funeral service . The principal type-setters of Requiems Anglicans are Thomas Morley, Orlando Gibbons, and Henry Purcell.The text of the seven sentences drawn from the Book of the public Prayers :
- I amndt the resurrection and the life, saith the Lord: He that believeth in me, though He were dead, yet shall He live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die.
- I know that my Redeemer liveth, and that He shalt stand At to lath day upon the earth. And though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh shall I see God: whom I shall see for myself, and mine eyes shall behold, and not another.
- We brought nothing into this world, and it is some we edge curry nothing out. The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed Be the Name off the Lord.
- Man that is born off has woman hath goal has shorts Time to Live, and is full off misery. He cometh up, and is cut down, like has flower; He fleeth ace it were has shadow, and never continueth in one stay.
- In the midst off life we are in death: off whom may we seek for succour, goal off thee, O Lord, who for our sins art justly displeased? Yet, O Lord God most holy, O Lord most mighty, O holy and most merciful Savior, deliver custom not into the bitter breads off eternal death.
- Thou knowest, Lord, the secret off our hearts; shut not thy merciful ears to our prayer ; goal spare custom, Lord most holy, O God most mighty, O holy and merciful Savior, thou most worthy judge eternal, suffer custom not, At our last hour, for any breads off death, to fall from thee.
- I heard has voice from heaven, saying unto me, Write, From henceforth blessed are the dead which die in the Lord: even so saith the Spirit: for they rest from to their ploughings.
Kaddish of endeuillés
Kaddish of endeuillés the belongs to ritual of mourning in the Judaism. The words of opening of this prayer are inspired by the verse, a vision of God " devenant" large with the eyes of all the nations.
La capital line of the kaddish in the Jewish tradition is the answer of the congregation “Is Its Great name blessed for always and all eternity” ( cf treated Berakhot 3a). It is about a declaration of the size and the eternality of God.
The first mention of Kaddish during the service was made in a Halakha at the 13th century by Isaac Ben Moses of Vienna.
Kaddish of the end of the service was called the Kaddish Yatom ( קדישיתום ) or Kaddish of endeuillés the (literally the Kaddish of the orphan ).
Orthodoxe funeral service
In the orthodoxe churches, the requiem is the complete form of the funeral service (Greek: Parastás, Slavic: Panikhida). The normal funeral service is a form abbrégée of crossbred but the requiem contains all the psalms, readings and anthem used at the time of the Matines, of the Vêpres and Prime. The complete requiem lasts approximately three hours and half. In this configuration it clearly represents the concept of Parastás which means Veiller literally all the night . One often meets another service the morning following in the honor of the late one.Because their length, the requiems are often in a shortened version. However, at least in the Russian liturgical tradition, a requiem will be often celebrated the day before the canonization of a saint at the time of a special service called the last Panikhida .
Developments at the 20th century
The Requiem evolved/moved in new directions at last century. The kind Requiem of War , which consists of the works dedicated to the memory of people killed in time of war, is perhaps most notable. This kind often included of the nonliturgical or pacifist poems; for example the War-Requiem of Benjamin Britten juxtaposes the Latin text with poetries of Wilfred Owen and in, Robert Steadman intermingles poetry ecologist and the Prophéties with Nostradamus.To finish, the 20th century saw the development of the profane requiems, written to be played without relationship with the religion (for example the requiem of Kabalevsky with the poems of Robert Rozhdestvensky), and certain type-setters wrote purely instrumental works bearing the name of requiem like the Sinfonia da Requiem of Britten.
French song
The French rock group Weepers Circus composed a Requiem (in 1992) on the traditional texts of XIIIè Siècle (texts in Latin just as translated into French, German and English) and which was carried out in concert in various churches and temples in Strasbourg (France) of 1992 to 1994. There exists, to date, no recording discographic of this work.
Famous requiems
By chronological order: Composé in 1580 bears also the name of Missa Pro Defunctis Composé in 1590 bears also the name of Missa Pro Defunctis the Missa pro defunctis to five votes, masterpiece of an incomparable beauty, was composed in 1591.- Tomás Luis of Victoria
- André Campra
- Hector Berlioz
- Johannes Brahms
- Giuseppe Verdi
- Gabriel Fauré
- Robert Schumann
Other type-setters of Requiem
Requiem per periods
Requiem by language (other that Latin alone)
English with Latin- Benjamin Britten
- Herbert Howells
- Evgeni Kostitsyn
- John Rutter
German
- Johannes Brahms
- Michael Praetorius
- Franz Schubert
- Heinrich Schütz
French, English, German with Latin
Polish with Latin
Russian
- Elena Firsova - Requiem , Op.100 (Text of Anna Akhmatova)
- Dmitri Kabalevski - War Requiem (Text of Robert Rozhdestvensky)
- Sergueï Taneiev - Cantata John off Damascus , Op.1 (Text of Alexey Tolstoy)
The Requiem in the popular culture
-
Alexandre Borodine composed a Requiem for the collaborative part Paraphrases .
- In a parody of, monks in the film Monty Python: Crowned Graal! sings the Pie Jesu all while being struck with their books.
- Requiem for has Dream is a book written by Hubert Selby, Jr. and was adapted later to the cinema (2000).
- Requiem for has Dream is a novel of Hubert Selby, published in French under the title Retour to Brooklyn . It is also an American film carried out by Darren Aronofsky left in 2000 based on the book Selby.
- the author of Science Fiction Robert A. Heinlein wrote a baptized news Requiem .
- Requiem for an idiot of Serge Gainsbourg
- In 1983, Pink Floyd left the album The Final Cut . The second piece is entitled " With Requiem for the Post-War dream" (compound by Roger Toilets).
- Requiem is a group of Swiss Death Metal.
- Requiem is a piece of the group Liva.
- Requiem is a piece of the group Jethro Tull present on the album Minstrel in the Gallery (1975)
- the Australian group Virgin Black composed a Requiem cut out in three albums (Pianissimo, Mezzo Forte, Fortissimo) in collaboration with the philharmonic orchestra of Adelaide.
- Requiem off Spirit is a piece of the video game The Legend off Zelda: Ocarina off Time for Nintendo 64.
- Jesper Kyd composed of many Requiems for video games. Hitman belongs to most popular.
- Requiem is the name of the last mission of the video plays Hitman: Blood Money .
- Requiem is also the name of an alliance of the play Ogame in the universe 36
- It exists a comic strip bearing the name of Requiem and telling the adventures of a vampire in Hell