Reprocess in France

In France , the system of retirement is primarily a system of Retraite by distribution.

According to their statute, the workers and the pensioners are attached to different Pension funds and profit from different conditions.

History

Before 1945

The life of old rested a long time on the Solidarité inter-générationnelle and the voluntary mutual aid. The old ones were made often useful by menus artisanal work. The first Profession to have obtained a compensation for its idle period is that of the marine S under Louis XIV, but of many voluntary forms of mutual aid existed as of the Middle Ages (corporations, mutual aid associations). should have been awaited 1853 so that the Fonctionnaire S profit from a tiny retirement. With the service of the State, this last was to enable them to survive after the end of their activity.

For deprived, on the other hand, no mode existed and well little in France thought that it returned to the State to be concerned with this question. Nevertheless, the strong development of industry, the rural migration, made take more acuity with the problem. The mutual aid associations allowed a palliative well, but their development was blocked by the regulation, at one time when the public authorities feared the development in their center of a labor unrest. The popular pressure thus increased, as the legalization testified some to the trade unionism and certain professions ended up obtaining rights to the retirement; the minor obtained in 1894, within an obligatory framework, the Health insurance and a mode of retirement, follow-ups, in 1897, by the workers of the arsenals and the armament.

The social question made more urgent one comprehensive solution; some recommended to imitate the model of the German Social Security founded under Bismarck by three laws voted in 1883, 1884 and 1889. However, while being opposed to the Liberalism then dominating, one sees in this project reformist a great revolutionary step towards the Socialisme! This is why project defended by Martin Nadaud in 1879 - 1880 with the concrete achievements, 30 years will have to be waited.

And… the law on the “working retirements and country-women” (ROP) defended by members of the Radical party like Middle-class Leon and Paul Guyiesse. The project is highly and doubly fought:

  • by the line and the Employers, which denounce unacceptable loads for the country and call into question its even marked principle to encourage the idleness.
  • by the CGT: the main thing trade union, dominated by the revolutionary ideas (anarchistic), then want the destruction of the State, and not to see its wide role. Who more is, it can not without reason see there a “retirement for deaths”, when the retirement age is fixed at 65 years and that the Life expectancy is lower than 50 years.

The ROP end nevertheless up touching 3 million people, to compare with the 8 million paid and a population of 40 million people. The First World War comes to hustle this mechanics, in particular because of the surge of war veterans (3 million in 1930). The war saw the extension of the responsibilities for the State, more commonly accepted by a broad fringe of the Population. Moreover, with the return of the three departments of Alsace-Lorraine the Alsace-Moselle, the question arises to remove the model bismarckien which is in force there or of extending it to the remainder of the country; in the case of the retirements, it is this solution which is adopted, France being the last European country not to have a general Social Security.

The quarrels on the implementation of this principle will have to await… 1930 so much the debate is rough to know which State, Syndicat S, Patronat, Mutualité must manage this system. A compromise is found with the installation of a protective system disease by distribution and a system by capitalization for the retirement, which theoretically covers 10 million people in 1930 and 15 in 1945. But the system of capitalization does not resist the monetary depreciations of the Après-guerre (as such in 1910 had been the case also). Thus, after its two successive failures, the mode of capitalization is replaced in 1945 by an obligatory system founded on the distribution. It is about a system resting on solidarity inter-génerationnelle.

After the Release

Creation of the Social security

With the work's councils and the nationalizations (coupled with the new statute of the Public office), the Social security is one of the major achievements of the capacity which is based on the program of the National council of Resistance. It adopts the system by distribution, but the Démographie and raises it Chômage force as of the Années 1960 to revalue the Cotisation S. Of the Profession S which had chosen to keep specific regimes join little by little the general scheme.

Advantages granted to certain categories

Special diets of retirement are set up: THE SNCF, THE RATP, EDF GDF. By the grace of a decree of September 10th 1952, the retirement pensions for the Fonctionnaire S of overseas are raised of 35% with the Meeting and Mayotte, of 40% with Saint-Pierre-and-Miquelon and 75% in French Polynésie and New Caledonia.

First evolutions

In 1953, a first attempt to gather in the general scheme the special diets (minor…) fact face with a strong dispute which makes fall through the project.

The Social security is burst in four branches towards 1966: creation of CNAM, CNAV, CNAF and branch AT-MP (Industrial accidents and occupational diseases). The vocation of branch AT/MP is to help the actors of the economic life to avoid the risks related to the Travail, at the very least to attenuate their gravity or their frequency, and in the event of to compensate the victims.

In 1981, François Mitterrand grants the retirement as from 60 years, if the number of years of Cotisation necessary is reached at this age. Many departures in Pré-retraite, in particular in the sector of the mines and the metallurgy, are supposed to make it possible to reabsorb the Chômage, which will be the major failure of the left in the Années 1980.

Current operation of the modes of retirement

The number of modes contributing to the risk management old age is not stable in time since, like all economic entities, these modes live, amalgamate, disappear. Nevertheless one can count some in 2007 small forty:

  • CNAVTS : the National bank of old-age insurance of the employed persons;

  • ARRCO: association for the mode of supplementary pension of the employees;
  • AGIRC: the General association of the institutions of executive retirement plan;
  • IRCANTEC: institution of supplementary pension of the nontitular agents of the State and the communities;
  • CCMSA: the central Case of agricultural social insurance system;
  • ORGANIC: National autonomous organization of the old-age insurance of industry and the trade;
  • CANCAVA: National autonomous case of compensation of the artisanal old-age insurance;
  • CNRACL: National bank of retirement of the agents of the local government agencies;
  • FSPOIE: Funds special of the pensions of the workmen of the industrial plants of the State;

special diets:

  • CRPNPAC : Pension fund of the professional flight crew of the civil aeronautics;

  • CANSSM: National autonomous case of social security in the mines;
  • CRPCEN: and the precaution Pension fund of the clerks and employees of notaries;
  • ENIM: National establishment of the invalids of the marine;
  • IEG: Electric and gas industries;
  • the RATP: Autonomous control of Parisian transport;
  • the SNCF: and retirement provident funds of the National company of the railroads French;
  • Banque de France;
  • CCIP: Chamber of commerce and of industry of Paris;
  • the French Comedy;
  • the Pension fund of the personnel of the national Opera of Paris;
  • the Port authority of Strasbourg;
  • CAVIMAC: Case of old-age insurance disability and disease of the worships;

Mode of the liberal professions:

  • CNAVPL : National bank of old-age insurance of the liberal professions;

  • CRN: Pension fund of the notaries;
  • CAVOM: Case of old-age insurance of the members of the legal profession, public officers and of the legal companies;
  • CARMF: Autonomous case of retirement of the doctors of France;
  • CARCD: Autonomous case of retirement of the dental surgeons;
  • CAVP: Case of old-age insurance of the pharmacists;
  • CARSAF: Autonomous case of retirement of the French midwives;
  • CARPIMKO: Autonomous case of retirement and precaution of the male nurses, physiotherapists, chiropodists podologists, speech therapists and orthoptists;
  • CARPV: Autonomous case of retirement and precaution of the veterinary surgeons;
  • CAVAMAC: Case of allowance old age of the general agents and the nonpaid agents of the insurance and capitalization;
  • CAVEC: Case of allowance old age of the certified public accountants and the auditors;
  • CIPAV: Interprofessional case of precaution and old-age insurance;
  • CNBF: National bank of the French bars;
  • IRCEC: institution of supplementary pension of teaching and creation;

The French retirement scheme comprises three stages:

  • obligatory basic modes;
  • obligatory modes of supplementary pension;
  • the saving reprocesses collective and individual.

The two principal retirement schemes are the general scheme of private the , and the mode of the public office (which concerns the civils servant).

Special diets of retirement

See also: Special diets of retirement

Simultaneously with these systems, certain employees of the Public administrations (Banque de France,…), and of the State enterprises (the RATP, the SNCF,…) profit from a special diet of more advantageous retirement.

Old of departure to the retirement

Since the Fillon reform, an employee can claim with a retirement pension full only between 60 and 65 years according to his duration with activity.

Any employee will be able to claim with a pension only as from 60 years, before it will be able to possibly perceive unemployment. A particular case exists for the people having cotisé at least 4 quarters before the 18 years age, in this case and according to the age of beginning of activity (), they can claim with a retirement with full rate as of 56 years under.

If the employee is with unemployment before to have obtained it (between 60 and 65 years), it will depend until this date or its 65ème birthday on the mode unemployment.

The number of quarters depends on the year on birth on paid ():

  • Before 1934: 150 quarters
  • 1934: 151 quarters
  • 1935: 152 quarters
  • 1936: 153 quarters
  • 1937: 154 quarters
  • 1938: 155 quarters
  • 1939: 156 quarters
  • 1940: 157 quarters
  • 1941: 158 quarters
  • 1942: 159 quarters
  • as from 1943: 160 quarters

The Fillon reform of 2003 considered the possibility of the extension up to 168 quarters and the M@rel simulator (see external bonds) takes already account of the increase in the following duration of contributions which thus seems probable:

  • 1949 : 161 quarters

  • 1950: 162 quarters
  • 1951: 163 quarters
  • 1952: 164 quarters
  • 1953: 164 quarters
  • 1954: 164 quarters
  • 1955: 165 quarters
  • 1956: 165 quarters
  • 1957: 166 quarters
  • 1958: 166 quarters
  • 1959: 166 quarters
  • 1960: 167 quarters

If the employee wishes to leave before to have cotisé this number of quarters, its retirement pension will be undervalued of 1,25% per missing quarter ().

Reforms of the retirements after 1990

Governmental reports/ratios

In 1991, Michel Rocard publishes a White paper on the retirements, which does not give place to any reform. It is the first of a long list of reports/ratios.

Here the complete listing:

Legal texts of reference
August 1st L351-1 articles in L351-16 in force of the Code of the Social security on Légifrance

First reforms or attempts at reforms

In the summer 1993, the government of Edouard Balladur takes an ordinance which makes spend the duration of 37,5 years contribution to 40 years for the Salarié S of private, founds a rebate of 10% per missing year, indexes the pensions on the Prix and either on the Salaire S.

In 1995, Alain Juppe again fails to bring closer the Special diets to retirement of the general scheme. The majority votes the installation of Pension funds (law Thomas). The left, with the capacity starting from 1997, will repeal this last measurement, but will not undertake a true reform because of the respite granted by strong a Economic growth.

The law Fillon in 2003

See also: Law Fillon (retirements)

The majority from the right elected in 2002 undertakes a reform of the retirements under the aegis of the Ministre for the social Affairs, Work and Solidarity, Francois Fillon. The “ reform Fillon ” (or “ law Fillon ”) founds a progressive transition from the duration of Cotisation of all the modes, except the special diets, around 42 years. This reform thus reduced duration of contribution of the people who started to work very young people. The CFDT supports this reform, but the remainder of trade unions is opposed to it.

A system of rebate and surcôte is founded for the civil servant S, enabling them to leave earlier or later, realizing a cost or a profit in term of versed retirement pension. The rebate per missing year must tighten for all the Salarié S to 5%. A surcôte is founded (of 3%) per additional year beyond the duration of Cotisation necessary to obtain a retirement with full rate. The office plurality employment-retirement is made more flexible.

The selected mode of indexing is the indexing on the Prix; the Purchasing power of the pensioners is thus preserved constant throughout their retirement. The Salarié S can repurchase quarters under the studies, within the 3 years limit (with a relatively important cost: the DRESS evaluates the average amount of the repurchases with 22.000 €). The way of calculating of the retirement is also modified: in fact the twenty-five best years of Salaire S are taken into account and either the ten last. New individual products of saving (PERP) and collective (PERCO) are created.

Notes and references of the article

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