Recycling
The recycling is a process of treatment of the industrial Déchet S and waste domestic which makes it possible to reintroduce, in the cycle of production of a product, Matériau X which compose it. One of the examples which illustrates this process is that of the manufacture of new bottles with glass of bottles usagées.
Recycling has two ecological consequences major: the reduction of the volume of waste and the safeguarding of the natural resources. It is one of the economic activities of the Consumer society. Certain processes are simple and cheap but, contrary, others are complex, expensive and not very profitable. In this field, the objectives of ecology and those of the consumers meet but sometimes diverge; it is then the legislator which intervenes. Thus, in particular since the years 70, recycling is an important activity of the economy and living conditions of the developed countries.
Since 1970
Le Ribbon of Möbius
est the universal logo of the/>matériaux
(not to be confused with the Not green)
Strategy of 3 R
Recycling falls under the strategy of processing the waste known as of the Three R :
- to reduce , which gathers all that relates to the reduction of the production of waste,
- to re-use , which gathers the processes making it possible to give to a worn product a new use,
- to recycle , which indicates the process of processing waste by recycling.
Recycling contributes a share important to the fall of the quantities of waste to be eliminated by hiding and incineration, but it is not sufficient to counter the increase in the production of waste or is hardly enough there. Thus, in the case of the Quebec, the important rise of the rate of recycling, spending 18% to 42% between 1988 and 2002, went from pair with an increase in the quantity of waste to eliminate per capita, passing from 640 kg/an/personne to 870 kg because of an increase of 50% of the production per capita lasting this same period. In France, the volume of waste doubled between 1980 and 2005, to reach 360 kg/an/personne.
To fight against the increase in waste, recycling is thus necessary, but it must be included in a broader step.
History
Since the Bronze Age
Recycling is used as of the Bronze Age. At that time, the worn objects out of metal are molten in order to recover their metal for the manufacture of new objects. In all civilizations, art and the manner “of making of the nine with old man” exist. For example, old papers are recovered to make paper pulp. The situation changes with the progressive development then massive of the Industrialization and consumption. The management of the raw materials and waste becomes little by little increasingly difficult, the ones becoming too rare and the others too invading.
Modern era
In 1970, recycling is proposed by partisans of the defense of the environment who launch the current logo to mark the products which can be recycled and the products resulting from recycled materials.
The situation develops gradually. The consumers sensitize themselves with the label “produced which can be recycled” which is recognizable thanks to the logo. The process spreads in the industry which is organized to support it. The collection of household waste by Recycling develops in order to facilitate the industrialization of recycling. The governments legislate to frame these various activities. For example, in 2006, the developed countries set up a system of purchase of the electricity produced by the waste processing, such as the incineration of the refuse ménagères.
Recycling follows the worldwide organization of consumption however. The situation in the developed countries is not that of the Developing country. In the latter, in the absence of better system, it is the abstract recovery which makes it possible to recycle part of waste.
EU law relating to waste
In 2007, the production, storage, the treatment and the waste recycling from now on are framed in Europe by a legislation more and more élaborée.The incineration of dangerous waste is the object of the Directive n° 2000/76/CE of the European Parliament and the Council of December 4th, 2000 . The storage of special industrial waste is defined by the Directive n°1999/31/CE of April 26th, 1999 concerning the setting in discharge of waste and the Décision of the Commission n° 2000/532/CE of May 3rd, 2000 as well as the Décision 94/904/CE of the Council drawing up a list of waste dangereux.
The quality of the air as for it is protected by the Règlement from the European Parliament and the Council THIS 2037/2000 of June 29th, 2000 on the substances which impoverish the Couche of ozone, and by the Council Decision of April 25th, 2002 which is the Approbation, in the name of the European Community, of the Protocole of Kyoto with convention-tallies of the United Nations on the climate changes and the joint execution of engagements which result from this .
Technique
Three types of processes
There exist three big families of techniques of recycling: chemical, mechanical and organique.Recycling known as “chemical” uses a chemical reaction to treat waste, for example to separate certain components. Recycling says “mechanical” is the transformation of waste using a machine, for example to crush. Recycling says “organic” consists, after old Compost or Fermentation, to produce Engrais and Carburant such as the Biogaz.
The chain of recycling
is the most widespread form for waste to be recycled. The principle of the selective collection is the following: that which creates waste sorts it lui-même.Following the collection, waste, sorted or not, is sent in a sorting office where various operations make it possible to sort them so as to optimize the operations of transformation. The tri handbook is one of these operations. At this stage, broken glass is systematically isolated to avoid the risks of wounds.
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Stage 2: Transformation
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Stage 3: Marketing and consumption
To be at the end of the lifetime, again thrown, recovered and recycled.
Waste recycling
Waste water
The Eau is a natural good which essential to the life and is strongly consumed, but whose resources are limited. In the developed countries, it is recycled and a share of consumed water is resulting from waste water, cleansed and redistributed. The management of this recycling requires infrastructures and an exploitation both doors, generally entrusted at specialized companies in the treatment and the water supply or to the stage of government local.
Inert usual waste
Inert usual waste is produced by the households and industries. They form the biggest part of waste which can be recycled. They are often simple to collect and transform. They are not very dangerous. On the other hand, they represent large volumes to transport and store.
Noninert usual waste
Most known of this waste are the Huile S and the Peinture S. the Incinération with energy valorization one of the processes is employed to recycle them. It allows the energy production and the waste elimination little Combustible S.
Dangerous industrial waste
Industry produces a great quantity of waste dangereux.
It is for the majority of the products including/understanding of toxic or unstable chemical substances. Toxic waste is dangerous for health and the environment. The handling of unstable waste involves serious accident risks.
Toxic waste in dispersed quantities
Certain toxic waste is mixed in small quantity with nonpolluting products. It is then impossible to recycle these products without to have removed them from toxic waste.
Impact of recycling in industry
Alternative source of supply
The waste recycling offers a source of supply out of alternate raw materials to the other sources. For example, the recycling of copper wire makes it possible to obtain copper near the companies of recycling and not of the companies of extractionRecycling offers to the companies the benefit multiplicity of the sources of supply such as the facility of negotiation of the purchase prices or the safety of the provisioning.
Creation of activities
Recycling is an economic activity with whole share. It is the means of creation of richnesses for the companies of this sector.In theory, almost all the materials are which can be recycled. In practice, the absence of profitable die makes that they all are not recycled. Thus, recycling is more expensive for electronic devices like the Ordinateur S, because it is necessary to separate the many components before recycling them in other dies.
Setting in conformity with the law
In the case of the Scrap electrical equipment and electronic, it is the intervention of the legislator who made their collection and their valorization obligatory within the European Union.
Cost of labor
Recycling supposes Trier waste according to the mode of recycling to which each one of them will be subjected. This requires an abundant labor, even when a Recycling is carried out upstream by the population. Indeed, it happens that a second sorting is necessary in a center of refining to eliminate the sorting errors and the impurities which could compromise recycling (it is the case of the plastic and glass).Recycling itself requires the provision of the households of special vats and the selective collection employs more people than a simple collection.
The majority of these additional costs are the responsibility of the community (in France, for example, it on the level of the common is or the Communauté of communes that is managed). The Local taxes hold account of it, but other funding sources exist: the écotaxe and a tax on the Packing S.
Effects on the products resulting from recycling
For certain types of products, the quality of the raw material is deteriorated by the operation of recovery of this one in the recycled products. For example, the recycling of paper gives shorter paper fibers and a paper of less good quality (what allows only one ten successive recyclings). Another example, the recycling of some Plastics contaminated by pollutants does not make it possible any more to use them to make food packing of them. A major disadvantage in the recycling of glass and the deterioration of the furnace by the difference in normal melting point of glass and that of glasses resisting the heat of the type pyrex this one settles in the content and damages the furnace.However, for the majority of the raw materials contained in waste (metals, glass, certain plastic), qualities are preserved through the process of recycling, allowing a quasi unlimited recycling of those.
Nevertheless, chemistry intervenes more and more in the manufacture of materials resulting from recycling. The products which result from it have characteristics of durability and resistance which can even be higher than those of certain natural materials. Thus, one sees houses built with derivatives of the recycling of wood, mixed or covered by resins polyurethans or others. The result is surprising, giving a weather resistance and to the U.V higher than that of wood. The same applies to the paper recycled, whose paste désencrée and mixed with certain chemicals gives a very resistant material, used for example in the manufacture of urban furniture. In this last field, more and more of manufacturers use materials resulting from recycling.
Impacts of recycling on the environment
Protection of the natural wealths
The economic and environmental benefit of recycling are considerable: it makes it possible to protect the resources, to reduce the Déchet S, to create jobs, to protect nature and to save the raw materials.Recycling makes it possible to reduce the raw material extraction:
- recycled steel makes it possible to save ore of Fer;
- each ton of recycled plastic makes it possible to save 700 kg of Pétrole gross;
- the recycling of 1 kg of aluminum can save approximately 8 kg of Bauxite, 4 kg of chemicals and 14 kWh of electricity;
- the Aluminum is which can be recycled at 100%; 1 kg of aluminum gives 1 kg of aluminum (after having been molten).
- each ton of recycled paperboard makes save 2,5 tons of Bois;
- each sheet of paper recycled makes save 1 L of Eau and 2,5 W of electricity in addition to 15 G of Bois.
Écobilan
Many criteria are to be taken into account to judge relevance of recycling and to establish what one calls the écobilan . Therefore in France, the pots of Yoghourt, for example, are not accepted by the selective Collecte: there is not enough matter to recover to make profitable recycling. In Quebec however, it are recycled. Thus should be raised the following questions:-
Comment the collection is organized? Which energy requires it?
- is the technique of recycling more sparing out of matter and energy that the manufacture of the raw material?
- are the outlets profitable?
If one takes the example of recycled paper, one notes that to eliminate ink at the time from recycling, one uses Chlore, one bleaching very polluting for our rivers and who degrades himself with difficulty. Paper " gris" (little désencré) less chlorine requires, but is not always adapted to the current uses. The ideal is to use sheets of weaker grammage. Paper with 60 g/m ² is appropriate perfectly for traditional printers and in more that the weight of its transport reduces, therefore the consumption of Pétrole.
The recycling of glass poses also problems, because it is heavy and thus requires much fuel for its transport. It should moreover be melted with 1.550 °C to recycle it. The ideal would be to privilege the system of the instructions, but the industrialists balk to organize nonprofitable recoveries from a commercial point of view.
On another side, the instruction of the bottles or pots out of glass also requires much logistics (transport of the bottles so as not to them break, sorting by type of bottle, etc) and cleaning before their re-employment. The écobilan is thus not so easy only that to establish.
The least polluting method consists in any event producing less possible waste (which can be recycled or not) and to privilege the short circuits (local product purchases), compatible with the idea of instruction. The sorting of waste, and thus their recycling, will intervene only after exhaustion of these solutions.
The installations of processing waste dedicated to energy valorization are currently not very satisfactory because they are at the origin of rejections of COV (volatile Composé organics) and of Méthane which contributes to the warming of planet. The valorization of the Methane to produce electricity rejects CO2 whose impact is less, therefore contributes with current knowledge, to safeguard planet as well as possible, with a higher cost.
Another method consists in depositing its refuses and other rubbish in the stone pockets (dhuyp).
See too
Internal bonds
External bonds
-
Federation of the Recovery of Recycling and Valorization
- Glass Future - the site of glass and its recycling
- blog information - detailed informations on recycling
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