Racism

History of racism

History

Some examples of racism (to be distinguished from the Xenophobia):

the Christianisme Médiéval, even if it maintained the Antijudaïsme, did not develop racism strictly speaking. However, certain authors as Jared Diamond ( Collapse ) estimate that they are prejudices racist which have brought Company Viking established to Greenland from end of Xe century to disappear with end from XVe, while preventing it to adopt techniques which made it possible the Inuit, which arrive at Greenland at XIIe century, to survive it until our days.
Starting from 1535, the Spanish Inquisition E delivered " certificates of cleanliness of blood " with the people not having a Jewish ancestor or Moslem. These certificates were not only required for the Spanish access to the army E, with the loads of the the Holy Office, the entry of the Université S, but as asked by the families the day before the Mariage S. It is of a Antijudaïsme or an anti-Islamism rather as of racism strictly speaking, but it is undeniable that these ideas contributed to the appearance of modern racism.
slavery appeared in the whole of the colony S Occident ales at the 17th century (triangular Commerce) and was maintained until the XIX {{E}} century, with an interruption in France with the Révolution. Napoleon restores it.
racism appeared with the Siècle Lumières in the Ouvrage S of the Swedish Charles Linné which affirmed the superiority of the Blanc S. Buffon states shameless that " the Nègre would be with the man what the ass is with the Cheval " . Voltaire explains qu'" it is not improbable that in the hot countries of the Singe S subjugated girls ". The Encyclopédie of Diderot note that " the Nègre S of Guinea are for the majority inclined with libertinage, revenge, the flight and the lie " .
At the 19th century, the public Paris IEN and Londoner impassions for the human Zoos which expose human beings like animals of fair.
In 1853 - 1855, the French Joseph Arthur de Gobineau publishes its Essai on the inequality of the human races which speculates in the existence of Race S supposed “pure” and supposed the degeneration due to the Métissage.
In 1871, Ernest Renan also developed racist ideas.
Nazism: The Nazism is a partly racist Théorie political preaching the extermination enter others of the Juif S and the gypsy S, not descending allegedly from the Aryan , contrary to the Germanic people. The application of this Doctrine by the III^e Reich German caused the death of 6 million Jews (see the article detailed on the Shoah).
Genocide of the Arménie NS, endemic population of the the Caucasus by the Turkish S originating in the steppes of Central Asia.
Apartheid in South Africa. In the years 1980, Scientifique S afrikaner S imagine the Project Coast and work out a sterilizing substance intended for the Noir S. It could be widespread in the Eau or the consumables current.
In Australia, the Aborigène S were decimated by the infectious illness, the forced migrations, following the example Amerindian S. Some Historien S support that they were victims of a Génocide. They obtained the Right to vote in 1967, well after the other Australian citizens.
Segregation of the Black S with the the United States (until the XX {{E}} century)
Prohibition of access to the priesthood in the Mormonisme (1844-1978)
the ethnic purifications modern (Nigeria, Biafra, Kosovo, Rwanda)
Civil war in Darfur, the Sudan.

Racism " scientifique"

The racism is generally compared to an ideology being based on the erroneous scientific assumption of the Racialisme which classifies the human beings according to their morphological differences pursuant to a related method with that of the Zoologie to justify the installation of segregationist legislations and the political Discrimination.

Historically, this consideration was related on the Droit (and even to the “duty”, according to Jules Ferry) for a higher Race to dominate at least temporarily one or more others of them, in particular within a colonial framework .

On the political plan, the social Darwinisme was used to justify the Colonialisme, the Eugénisme, the Fascisme and especially the Nazisme. Indeed, this ideology considers legitimate that the “human races” and the weakest beings disappear and leave the place with the races and the beings best armed to survive. Ernst Haeckel. See human Race.

Nowadays, the social Darwinisme still inspires some Idéologie S of extreme right-hand side.

the count Joseph-Arthur de Gobineau makes publish in 1853 - 1855 the Essai on the inequality of the human races . It seems the theorization of racist ideas prégnantes in France of the 19th century. As of the first chapter, he writes: “Any civilization rises from the white race, none cannot exist without the contest of this race”. At the school of Anthropology of Paris, one weighs the brains to classify the individuals in a hierarchy of the races. In the Larousse dictionary of 1866, the “Negro” article affirms that the Cerveau Blacks is less bulky than that of the White. This racism justified the exactions of the French colonial army.

Ernest Renan did not hide its sympathies to the theories of Gobineau, and published writings going in the direction of the superiority of certain races.

Let us stress that independently of any comparison of the value of these races, racism also indicated the right for a group to practice a Eugénisme aiming at “protecting itself” from the presumedly harmful consequences for the future generations from a Métissage.

Racism in the United States

In a televised speech made in 1963, the US president John Fitzgerald Kennedy approaches face the question of racial discrimination to the the United States:

the black baby who is born today in America, whatever the area of the country in which he is born, has approximately half of the chances to finish its secondary studies from which profits a white baby, born at the same place the same day; the third of its chances to finish its academic works; the third of its chances to exert a liberal profession; twice more chances to find itself with unemployment; a seventh approximately of its chances to gain 10.000 dollars per year. Its life expectancy is shorter seven years and it must plan the prospect to gain twice less.

It is primarily with a moral problem that we have to face. It is as old as the Writings and as clearly as the Constitution of the United States. The heart of the subject is to know if all the Americans must see themselves granting equal rights and equal chances, if we want to treat our fellow-citizens as we want to be treated. If an American, because his skin is dark, cannot lunch in a restaurant open to the public, if it cannot send his children in the best public school, if it cannot vote for the men who represent it then, if, in short, it cannot enjoy the life full and free only we want all, which thus, among us, would agree to change skin color and to take his place? Who thus, among us, would accept the councils of patience and temporization? Hundred years were passed since the president Lincoln freed the slaves; however, their descendants, their grandsons, are not yet free. They are not released yet from the obstacles of the injustice. They are not yet released of oppression economic and social, and our country, in spite of all that he hopes for and of all of which he prides himself, will not be completely free as long as all its citizens will not be free.

We freedom dates we are sincere, and the freedom which we enjoy here, but will we say cherish we it preach to the world, and, which is much more important, will say ourselves us the ones to the others that this country is that of the free men except for the Blacks? What don't we have citizens of second class except for the Blacks? What don't we have a system of classes or castes, whom we do not have of ghetto, not higher race, except with regard to the Blacks?

John Kennedy, the June 11th 1963

In 1959, the journalist and writer John Howard Griffin makes the experiment of the Racial segregation in the south of the United States by dyeing its skin in black, which gives place to a deliver-testimony, In the skin of a Black , in 1961.

Racism in France

Established with an aim of governing the life of the black slaves in the French colonies of the Antilles, the black Code , by Colbert, institutionalized racism by justifying the setting in slavery of the African deportees on the colonies of the Antilles and Guyana. Abolished by the Constituent in 1794, restored by Napoleon i in 1802, slavery remained into force in France until in 1848.

So that the French population accepts best the colonization of l Afric and l Asy, French the d´affaires mediums which exploited the colonies set up with French l´État a racial propaganda (posts, film, exposure) which presented the populations colonized like savages, submen, closer to the animals than of the human ones. If the flags Nazis are prohibited, the situation is quite different flags Southerners or Celtic crosses (these last being a recovery of a symbol a priori neutral by the movements of extreme right-hand side).

Racism today

Today, the term of race always remains of everyday usage in certain mediums and racism always appears on the five continents in more or less direct or indirect forms.

Individual racism

Racism on an individual relation scale, it is to achieve racist acts towards other individuals. I.e. to achieve acts whole or part because of its membership or its theoretical not-membership of some " race".

Individual racism is related with the Xénophobie, the Haine, the Peur, the Préjugé, the Ethnisme, the Ignorance, the Intolérance and the Idéologie of cultural or personal superiority.

For a few years, individual racism has developed in Russia: teenagers were caught some with a family tadjike in February 2004 and killed a 9 year old young girl. A young Vietnamese, Considering Year Tuan, was assassinated on October 13rd, 2004 with Saint-Pétersbourg. The murderers of a Congolese student in September 2005 were discharged.

Racism of State

On the scale of the city, that can be expressed various ways. That can be explicit like the legal differences in treatment of the citizens according to the theoretical concept of " race" (case of the Apartheid). Or then abstract, which can be related to the social pressure; who would engage a salesman whom the customers would reject?

Many public institutions estimate that the membership of a physiological or ethnic category influences the behavior of the individuals.

In the United States, the social disparities between groups of cultural/ethnic origin different belong to the governmental priorities and it is thus advisable to evaluate them statistically. Thus, the census in the United States offers the optional possibility to each one car-to be defined like member of a " race" : white ( caucasian (white) , which include/understand any person of Europe or North Africa), Hispanic ( hispanic ), black or Afro-American ( black , african american ), Amerindian or natives of Alaska ( american indian , Alaska native ), Asian. It should nevertheless be specified that the English word race does not have a biological connotation in fact, that multi-memberships are possible and that the box " autre" is available (and that remains optional). That is " made profitable within the framework of program of discrimination known as " positive" (Affirmative action), which aims at countering the effects present of a real racism.

The French law refers to the theoretical concept of “race”; for example in article 211-1 of the Penal code, the Génocide is an attack “tending to the destruction total or partial of a group national, ethnic, racial or religious”. That was disputed by certain deputies.

Political racism

Because of the very negative connotation of the word in Occident, few political parties are asserted openly like racists. Many parties of Extrême right-hand side were however shown to convey speeches of this type through xenophobe positions . The apology for racism being condemned, they can promote derived doctrines like the Ethno-différencialisme or the Racialisme. See: racist Movements

Racism " news génération"

True plague, racism “new generation” touches a tool more and more used: the plays video online. This new type of racism consists in using the stories founders of the universe of the play, and to make use of it to create its own history (or Play Role). Unfortunately, it is often a means for many players of falling into an excess suitable for the new generation, and which makes them go towards this new type of racism. What is dangerous, it is that it is dédramatisé because of its irrealism, but it gives birth to in the young people this idea, this feeling.

Generally, the administrators, or the regulators, of these plays take the defense of the players, not seeing the danger. One will remember the history arrived on the online game more played at the world (World off Warcraft) where, on a German waiter, a group of players had formed a guild (team) in which the players preached the superiority of the human race (play being formed various races), saying the knights of a world whose thehuman ones would be absent, because they would have overcome them. Many players were indignant at this guild and went to seek of the assistance near the Masters of the Play (moderating) but the latter gave reason to the guild. A mother, reading the texts was indignant, and carrying the business with the court. At the end of two months of lawsuit, the direct company of the play (Blizzard) was condemned to pour 30.000 euros with the mother, and had to remove the guild.

Fight against racism

The fight against racism can be heard at various levels.

Human refutation of the races

After various studies and research within the genetics, the theory of the existence of the human races was defined by scientists like arbitrary, subjective and nonrelevant, because of impossibility of classifying such or such person in a presupposed race.

The publication of the “declaration on the race” in 1950 by UNESCO will encourage many biologists to regularly point out the absence of scientific validity of the concept of “human races”.

To note that the Génétique clearly showed that the differences between individuals considered as belonging to the same ethnos group can be higher than those between individuals belonging to different ethnos groups. That is explained by the fact why the portion of the Human genome relating to the expression of the morphological characters, in fact the gene coding the production of the Mélanine, represents only one negligible part of the whole of this genome (three genes commun run with various the Vertébrés on the 36.000 of the genome). Cf on this subject, the article Color of the skin .

In addition according to many geneticists whose Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, the descendants of individuals of different origin, or even of deeply different “races”, seem more robust and to ensure a fertility and a health normals, it is necessary to avoid the marriages between close relations thus supporting the interbreeding.

Fight against the segregation

French statistics

According to the general informations, there were 1513 racist facts and anti-semites, including 361 violent one in France in 2004. They were 833 in 2003 and 1313 in 2002. The facts anti-semites are most numerous (950 in 2004) including 199 violent acts. The Paris region is most affected. The acts antimaghrébins knew a strong increase in 2004 (563 facts among which 162 violent ones). The profanations of cemeteries and the attacks with the mosques multiplied. (source: Le Monde of the 1/19/2005)
According to a Survey carried out on 1011 people between the 17 and on November 22nd, 2005 by the Institute SCUMS, 1/3 of the French are declared racist, without however specifying in whom of the three meanings of this term. Always according to the same investigation, 63% of the population think that " certain behaviors can justify reactions racistes" . 56% of the French declare that the foreign presence is too important.

Legislation

The racist practices constitute a violation of the Human rights and are repressed by many countries.

For the majority of the Western countries, discrimination and racism are much more than offenses, punished penally; they also represent an attack with the values which found the democracy. This one recognizes equalizes it dignity of each citizen to be taken part in the public thing, to continue its happiness and its blooming independently of its birth.

In France, for example, the legislator did not cease with the wire of time, and particularly after the Second world war, to supplement the legislative device in order to more effectively repress all the forms of racism, of Antisémitisme, Xénophobie. He for that created a certain number of incriminations on the one hand in the penal code, on the other hand in the law of the July 29th 1881 on the Freedom of the press and in the relative law with the audio-visual communication. As showed it the Accords of Noumea, as regards fight against racism, the legislator can be strongly influenced by the colonial history of the country.

Racist quotations

the inequality of the races is noted . Ernest Renan, the future of science, prefaces of 1890

If France wants to remain a large country, it must carry everywhere where it can its language, its manners, its flag, its weapons and its genius. … It should be said openly that the higher races have a right with respect to the lower races… They have the duty to civilize them . Jules Ferry

There is a little Hitler in any white man. Khalid Abdul Muhammad (NBC, May 14th, 1994)

One can seldom find a Black able to follow and include work of Euclide . Thomas Jefferson, Notes one Virginia - 1787

equality of the Negros! Twaddles! How long still of the rascals to sell and the imbeciles to praise such a vulgar piece of demagogy? Abraham Lincoln, representing of Illinois to the Congress - 1859

the White are not Human beings. Joseph Msika, vice-president of the Zimbabwe, August 18th, 2001

If they do not leave the city to fallen the night, we will kill all that is white in South Africa. One kills the women, one kills the children, one kills the babies, one kills the blind men, one kills the patients, one kills the insane ones, one kills the fags, one kills the lesbians… They are killed all! Why kill the babies? They will grow one day to oppress your babies, kill maintaining them. Khalid Abdul Muhammad, representative of Nation off Islam and the New Black Panthers Party (Kean College, New Jersey, November 29th, 1993)

You know, that is enough like that with your negros. You do not gain me with the hand, then one does not see any more but them: there are negros in the Elysium the every day, you me make them receive, you me make them invite to lunch. I am surrounded by negros, here. And then all that does not have any species of interest! Foutez me peace with your negros; I do not want to see some any more within two months, you hear? More one audience before two months. It is not so much because of time that outside takes, although they are already extremely tedious, but that to me made very bad impression: one sees only negros, the every day, in the Elysium. And then I ensure you that it is without interest. (Charles de Gaulle - Discussions with Jacques Foccart, November 8th, 1968. city in its Memories, volume 2. The General in May. Newspaper of the Elysium. 1968-1969, ED. Beech/Jeune Afrique)

What Arabs? The Arabs are people which, since the days of Mohamed, always succeeded in constituting an empire… Did you see a dam built by the Arabs? fascinating!! The Arabs qont invented the algebra and built enormous mosques… … They can only do everything. (Charles de Gaulle - City by Cyrus Sulzberger, the last of the giants, ED. Albin Michel, 1972)

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