Qarakhanides

The Qarakhanides or Karakhanides (Turkish Karahanlılar ) are a dynasty of Transoxiane of Turkish origin which reigned between 840 and 1212 in Central Asia.

Etymology

The name of the dynasty, " Qarakhan" , drift of the name of combat of Idat Shad , which in 681 fought against the Chinese under the name of Qarakhan <=> " Prince noir".

History

Qarakhanides come from the people of the Karlouks which, at the 8th century, belonged to the kingdom ouïgour of Mongolia and settled thereafter in Kachgarie.

In 840, the Karlouks, and with them the Qarakhanides futures, gained their independence compared to the related Ouïgours. As of 850, they had for first prince Kül-Bilge Qara-Khan (reign 850 - 880).

The kingdom of Qarakhanides constituted, according to old the Tradition S Turkish, a double khanat, where the east was controlled by large the khan which resided at Kara Ordu and the west by an associated khan installs in Kuz Ordu. This kingdom formally directed a mass of Turkish populations or fractions of others Peuples Turkish: Basmil, Tcharuk, One-Oq, Türgech, Tabghatch and Tchigil for example.

Into 920, Qarakhanides directed by Satuq Bughra Qara-Khan 'Abd Al-Karim (reign 920 - 956) were converted collectively with the Islam. Under the reign of Harun Ier (982 - 993), Qarakhanides took in 992 Bukhara with the Samanides. Under the reign as of its successors, Qarakhanides completed the conquest of the Transoxiane and the inversion of Samanides until in 999.

The expansion in the Persan Khorasan was however prevented by the Ghaznévides of Turkish origin. After their defeat vis-a-vis the Seldjoukides (1040), this last represented the most dangerous adversaries of Qarakhanides.

Into 1041, the unit kingdom was definitively divided into a Western kingdom and an Eastern kingdom.

The Western kingdom

In the Western kingdom (Transoxiane), whose capital was Bukhara, moved in 1042 with Samarkand, there was under the reigns of Ibrahim I {{er}} (1038 - 1067) and of Nasr I {{er}} (1067 - 1080) a stable situation which encouraged the trade with the China by the Silk route and the economic welfare of the kingdom.

At that time, the attacks of the Seldjoukides could be pushed back. But, in 1089, those overcame of Qarakhanides of the Western kingdom under the reign of Ahmad Ier (1081 - 1095) and occupied Bukhara and Samarkand. Ahmad Ier could ensure his capacity only with the support of Seldjoukides and the recognition of their sovereignty. Thereafter, the khans of the Western kingdom were established and deposited by the Seldjoukides. In spite of this subjection, Qarakhanides of Transoxiane could develop an intense architectural activity. Thus, under Muhammad II (1102 - 1130), one set up inter alia the Minaret of Kalyan and the Citadelle of Bukhara. In 1141, Qarakhanides had to recognize the sovereignty of the Kara-Khitans and, starting from 1180, that of the Khwârazm-Shahs or Khorezmiens. The latter deposited in 1212 the last khan of Qarakhanides, Ulugh Sultan Uthman (1200 - 1212).

The Eastern kingdom

The Eastern kingdom of Kachgar IE could also affirm its position in spite of the partition. After a stable situation reigned under Abu Chudja Arslan (1032 - 1057) and Tughril Ier (1056 - 1075) as in the Western kingdom, Harun II (1075 - 1102) had certainly to recognize sovereignty DER Seldjoukides, but those could exert as much influence only in the Western kingdom. At that time, Balasagun, residence of the Eastern king, were a center of culture turco-Moslem woman. One published there inter alia a " mirror of the prince" Turkish, the Qutadghu Bilig of Yusuf Khass Hadjib and a Turkish encyclopedia, the Diwân lughât At-Turk (“Collection of languages turgues”) of Mahmud Kashgari.

But the decline of the Eastern kingdom began in 1128 when the Kara-Khitans were called in the country to fight revolted nomads. Soon, they overcame also Qarakhanides and occupied of great portions of the country, so that the Eastern kingdom could not be maintained any more but around Kachgar, where Qarakhanides were deposited in 1211 by the Khwârazm-Shahs.

List kings Qarakhanides until 1040

  • Kül-Bilge Qara-Khan (850-880)

  • Kazir Khan (880? - 910)
  • ??
  • Satuq Bughra Qara-Khan 'Abd Al-Karim (920-956)
  • Musa Bughra Khan (956-958)
  • Sulayman Ier Arslan Khan (958-970?)
  • 'Ali Arslan Khan (970-998)
  • Ahmad Ier Arslan Toghan Khan (998-1017)
  • Mansur Arslan Khan (1017-1024)
  • Ahmad II Toghan Khan (1024-1026)
  • Yusuf Ier Qadir Khan (1026-1032)
  • Sulayman II Arslan Khan (1032-1040; 1040-1056 Khagan of the Eastern kingdom)

Starting from 1040, three parallel lines of the dynasty were formed:

Western kingdom (Transoxiane)

  • Muhammad I {{er}} `Ayn AD-Dawla (1041-1052)
  • Ibrahim I {{er}} Böritigin Tamghach Khan (1052-1068)
  • Nasr I {{er}} (1068-1080), with the capacity when Omar Khayyam remained with Samarkand (1072-1074)
  • Khidr (1080-1081)
  • Ahmad Ier (1081 - 1089)
  • Masud I {{er}} (1089-1095)
  • Sulayman (1095-1097)
  • Mahmud I {{er}} (1097-1099)
  • Jibrail (1099-1102)
  • Muhammad II (1102 - 1129)
  • Nasr II (1129-1129)
  • Ahmad II (1129-1130)
  • Hassan (1130-1132)
  • Ibrahim II (1132-1132)
  • Mahmud II (1132-1141)
  • Ibrahim III] (1141-1156)
  • Ali (1156-1161)
  • Masud II (1161-1178)
  • Ibrahim IV (1178 -?)
  • Ulugh Sultan Uthman (1200 - 1212), killed by the Khwârazm-Shahs

Eastern kingdom (Kachgarie)

  • Sulayman II Arslan Khan (1032-1040 in all the kingdom; 1040-1056 Khagan of the Eastern kingdom)
  • Muhammad I {{er}} (1056-1057)
  • Ibrahim I {{er}} (1057-1059)
  • Mahmud (1059-1074)
  • Umar (1074-1075)
  • Hassan or Harun (1075-1103)
  • Ahmad or Harun (1103-1128)
  • Ibrahim II (1128-1158)
  • Muhammad II (1158-?)
  • Yusuf II (? -?)
  • Muhammad III (? - 1211), reversed by the Khwârazm-Shahs.

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