Qara Qoyunlu

The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu , also called the Black sheep Turcomans (Turkmène: Garagoýunly ; Azeri: Qaraqoyunlu ; Turkish: Karakoyunlu ; Persan قراقویونلو), is a tribal Fédération of origin turcomane which reigned on what is today Is Anatolia, the Arménie, the Iranian Azerbaïdjan, and the north of the Iraq of 1375 with 1468.

The turcomans Black sheep established initially their capital with Herat in the east of Persia, and are the vassal of the Dynastie of the Jalayirides to Baghdad and Tabriz towards approximately 1375, when the chief of their dominant tribe, reigns on Mosul. However, Turcomans rebel against Jalayirides, and protect their independence with respect to the dynasty with the conquest from Tabriz by Qara Yusuf.

However, in 1400, the armies of Tamerlan inflict a defeat in Turcomans Black sheep, and Kara Yusuf flees in Egypt where it finds refuge near the Mamelouks. It joins together an army and in 1406 takes again Tabriz.

In 1410, Turcomans Black sheep take Baghdad. The installation of a new line of Turcomans Black sheep accelerates the fall of Jalayirides which they had formerly served. In spite of internal struggles among the descendants of Kara Yusuf after its death in 1420, and the rising threat of the Timourides, Turcomans Black sheep maintain a strong catch on the spot which they control.

Jahān Shāh makes peace with Timouride Shah Rukh, but soon peace disaggregates. When Shah Rukh dies in 1447, Turcomans Black sheep annex portions of Iraq and the east coast of the Arabia, while Timourides control the west of the Iran.

Although several territories were gained during its reign, the reign of Jahān Shāh is disturbed by the rebellion of its own sons and the autonomous leaders of Baghdad, that it expels in 1464.

In 1466, Jahān Shāh tries to take Diyarbakır with the Turcomans Moutons White, but however this is a catastrophic defeat which shows the death of Jihan Shah and the collapse of the control of Turcomans Black sheep on the Middle East.

Towards 1468, Turcomans White Sheep (Aq Qoyunlu), under the reign of Uzun Hassan (" Hassan the grand"), the last vestiges eliminated from Turcomans Black sheep.

List sovereigns Qara Qoyunlu

  • Qara Muhammad Turmush (1380 -1389)
  • Qara Yûsuf (1389 -1400, first reign)
  • Occupation timouride (1400 -1406)
  • Qara Yûsuf (1406 -1420, second reign)
  • Iskandar (1420 -1438)
  • Jihân Shâh (1438 -1467)
  • Hassan `Ali (1467 - 1468)

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