The punk is a cultural movement protestor including/understanding a musical genre appeared in 1976 - 1977 with the the United States with the Ramones then with the the United Kingdom with the Sex Pistols, before spreading itself in the rest of the world, France being one of the countries where this movement had an impact initially limited then growing. It is a revolt against the established values, which privileges the rough and spontaneous expression. The punk one is carrying a will of “tabula shaved” but also musical and cultural revival, the emergence of a new energy, synonymous with a maximum freedom of creation (independent labels, Do It Yourself, Fanzine S, mode, Graphisme).

This word would come from punk , word English meaning without value , it is accepted with irony by the punks since they reject the “  values établies  ”. In the Years 1950, has punk , it was the male boyfriend which awaited the prisoner at his exit. The “  movement punk  ” was associated with the Nihilisme and with the movement Dada, the movement Anarchiste and the reciprocating motion (squat, independent labels, Anti-militarisme, Végétarisme, Féminisme, autonomous Mouvement, etc) Certain groups like Crass or Bérurier Noir took to this alternate militant and subversive combat very in heart.

The punk one acquired several sub-genera, nonexclusive of which the Punk rock'n'roll, the Pop-punk, the Anarchist-punk, the Punk hardcore and the Ska-punk.

Birth of punk (1976-1984)

History

At the origin with the the United States, the word punk describes the Rock' roll based on electric guitars of the groups “  Garage  ” of the 60 ' S such The Seeds, The 13th Floor Grain elevators and of the groups of Strait, The Stooges and MC5. What is now called 60 ' S punk or protopunk to avoid a confusion. The punk word would have been used the first time by Lester Bangs (critical rock'n'roll) to qualify the five music of the motors city (MC5).

The influences of the punk-rock'n'roll are also groups of Glam rock'n'roll such as The New York Dolls, but also the groups of British rock'n'roll like The Who, The Kinks first manner and the artists of the New Yorkean avant-garde new wave (Patti Smith, Suicide, Television) and The Heartbreakers with Johnny Thunders and Jerry Nolan. One notes a strong desire to turn over to the spontaneousness and the simplicity of the primitive Rock and a rejection of what the punks perceived like pretentious, mercantile and pompeux in the of the Années 1970, generating the grandiloquent forms of the heavy metal and the progressive Rock. By contrast, the punk one deliberately reinforced the simplicity of its melodies, refusing any ostentatious demonstration of virtuosity and urging no matter whom to form his own group in its cellar or its garage. The words brought a new radicality of expression in the political and social subjects, often treating urban trouble and unemployment. The sexual topics were approached in a raw way and did not limit themselves any more to the sublimated love which was sung elsewhere or with the suggestive metaphors (and often transparent, moreover) which had courses in the rock'n'roll (then the pop one) and which had caused at the polemical sharp origin.

In the United States, the Ramones posed, as from 1974, the stakes of punk American in a version which then remains very rock' roll and sometimes considered as the first steps of the Pop-punk. The Germs, formed around Stalemate Smear, left in 1977 their individual Forming/Sexboy (live) , often considered as the very first punk disc of Los Angeles. Richard Hell is another important stake, so much for the image (torn tee-shirt) that for the sound with its title Blank Generation. In New York, Punk stores it is founded in 1976 by the draftsman John Holmstrom, Ged Dunn and Legs McNeil.

In the United Kingdom, some could write that groups traditionally attached to the current " Pub rock'n'roll " , the equivalent of the American Garage bands in the middle of the years 1970, could represent the first steps of the British punk explosion of 1976-77, because of the energy of their music and their speed of execution; among them: Doctor Feelgood or very discussed Eddie and the Hot Rods.

Even if the first British punk group having left a disc were The Damned, whose first individual vinyl appeared confidentially during the summer 1976 (its title headlight being " New Pink "), the true beginnings of the movement were the first concerts of the Sex Pistols in Roxy Club and the 100 Club of London and the interview of the group in an emission of broad audience. The passage of Sex Pistols and Bromley Contingent on television caused a true passion but also a very sharp hostility (leading to the prohibition of the majority in their concerts), which was one of essential manures of the phenomenon. From there the punk one, mediatized, part of youth ignited.

In France, the pioneers of the movement were the “small circle of initiates” which was created around Élodie Lauten. Ghost of CBGB in New York, where she had heard Patti Smith " miauler" strange poems rock'n'roll every night, it made discover with those which were going to form Angel Face and European Its (and later, Métal Urbain), with Alain Pacadis and Patrick Eudeline (which then decided to form the first line-up of Asphalt Jungle), this vague explosive which started to invade planet.

On its side, Marc Zermati, which had had for several open months a shop, the Open Market, street of Lombards (in the Markets), where were côtoyaient Iggy Pop, the Flaming Groovies and Doctor Feelgood when they passed to Paris, but also Pacadis and Yves Adrien, organized, in August 76, the first punk festival with Mount-with-Marsan. The Damned enclosed the two days of are delirious. To the same moment, Philippe Bone, spending the summer in London, brought back to France the first individual one of this " group; vinylisé" appeared at small a Independent label which had just pressed some specimens of them. Thus " New Rose" , on the face has of this disc, resounds for the first time in a public place in France, with the Gibus club.

Punk culture

The expression punk remains today associated with the period 1976-80, incarnated by the Sex Pistols, The Clash, The Damned, Buzzcocks, X-Ray Spex, The Ramones inter alia and with a new form of energy, esthetics and radicality taking the step on the dispute Hippie of the previous decade.

In England, Malcolm McLaren, the manager of Sex Pistols was seen like the initiator machiavelic and secret movement. One notes also the influence of the movement situationnist and the movement Dada in the esthetics and the punk activism, dominated by a saving in means and an acute sense of the autodérision. These currents marked the avant-garde of the British punk movement, with Sex Pistols and their " satellites"  : the Contingent Bromley (their brought closer circle), the shop Sex of Malcolm McLaren and the dressmaker Vivienne Westwood, Jordan, " créature" working for them, The Flowers Off Lovesong, etc the McLaren-Westwood couple skilfully knew to make of Pistols, with which they were given the responsability to make the behaviors, their most media ambassadors, thus posing the foundations of punk appearance such as it remains anchored in the popular culture.

In other artistic fields, the Graphic designer Jamie Reid, near to the situationnists, had previously worked in the reviews Suburban Close and King Mob. The small pockets of discs, in the hands of the graphic designers punks, are useful with instrument of diversion of the statutory values and the popular culture like the small pocket of the disc of the Dead Kennedys Bedtime for Democracy .

However the little story especially kept the punk one of the symboles : pins with nurse used as jewels, extreme haircuts and coloured like the Peak Iroquoise ( mohawk in English), the Piercing (often with nurse pins), the tattooing and the “artistic” reappropriation of clothing of mass. After the punk poor one appeared the “punk knack”, recycling commercial and industrial of what in 77 was invented in the street.

Beyond the alleged or posted nihilism, the punk one is a movement rather largely creative and interdependent, a movement which in-depth seems to have posed the bases of various social and economic alternatives, which sometimes succeeded in lasting.

The punk scene was exported universally, created a clean scene with its labels (Rough Trade, Factory, New Pink, Bondage Records…) and alternative concerts self-managed. The alternative punk groups like Black Bérurier or Crass imposed less expensive places of concert, the Travellers invented alternative lifestyles, the movement of the alternate squat S is also resulting from the active autonomy desired and animated by the original spirit of the movement, which initially seeks to live differently and calls in question the traditional middle-class lifestyle.

The punk wave saw being born also a press underground and parallel, the Fanzine S created by amateurs. In the United States among most known: Maximum Rock' Roll and Flipside , in the United Kingdom Sniffin' Glue , in France New wave (reappeared in 2004), One is not Savages , Hello Happy Taxpayers , etc Each local scene had at least its fanzine published with information, a different Graphisme, interviews with the local groups or in round. The magazine Factsheet Five enumerated and chronicle the thousands of underground publications of the Années 1980 and 1990.

Influences & posterity

Since its appearance at the end of the Years 1970, the punk côtoie and exchanges with other cultures underground like the Reggae, in particular thanks to Don Letts (the " punky reggae party" of Bob Marley and Lee Perry) or the Ska, to give birth to groups like The Specials, Madness or To select.

In addition, it very strongly inspires, from its convictions, of the “hybrid” groups, at the border of the Hard rock and punk the such Motörhead, Nashville Pussy…

The punk one had a durable influence on all the music protestor, in the continuity of the culture underground of the seventies which remains a little everywhere with the the United States, to the the United Kingdom, in France and well elsewhere.

To note that it is in the emission of Guillaume Durand Campus of October 2005 that one could undoubtedly see with the French Télévision the first images of a video of Métal Urbain, nearly 30 years afterwards.

The revival of the punk rock'n'roll in the United States (since 1994)

The original punk wave was blown rather quickly: even if many groups born at that time continued to create and play, following the example Ramones, others had a rather short existence, of a few months or a few years. An independent scene rock'n'roll less did not continue any to exist, helped by the multiplication of the radio stations. Nevertheless the front the media scene rock'n'roll in the United States was occupied throughout the years 1980 by the groups of metal. The punk scene underground , for its part, was dominated by the Punk hardcore, following groups like Black Flag (formed in 1976), Bad Brains (formed in 1977) and Minor Threat (formed in 1980). The center of gravity had moved the United Kingdom and west coast of the the United States, at the east coast, in particular Washington, D.C (but also New York).

A punk scene dynamic but more modest rock'n'roll and very underground survived, cash in its center a certain number of groups formed with the turning of the years 1980, often originating in the area of San Francisco like the Dead Kennedys, the Descendants, NOFX, Pennywise, Flipper. San Francisco where the 924 Gilman Street Project is located, theater accommodating the Californian punk scene and having seen starting or playing of great names of the punk Californian rock'n'roll such as Rancid, Operation Ivy, The Offspring or Green Day. The work of groups as Sonic Youth on the east coast of the United States also seeks to make perdurer the punk one.

The recognition of the Grunge starting from second half of the years 1980 and in particular of Mudhoney then Nirvana and its very great popularity following the exit of the album Nevermind started again the punk movement and its dilapidated economy.

The punk rock'n'roll knew a media rebirth since the medium of the Années 1990 with American groups like Green Day, Rancid, Blink-182, The Offspring and NOFX. The underground punk remains in the shade of groups which can know a commercial success.

The groups appeared as from this time are very diverse, but compose all with a mixture of influences resulting at the same time from punk from '77, hardcore, thepunk one of Ramones and Descendants, metal and the grunge. Indeed, their members were born enters, as soon as possible, in second half of the years 1960 and, at the latest, with the beginning of the year 1980 and were thus deluded by all these kinds with music.

In parallel of the business success of certain groups of punk rock'n'roll in second half of the years 1990 and the beginning of the 21e century, the scene as a whole knew already a very significant renewal of vitality since the beginning of the decade and saw boring or being born from many groups with strong ethics, marked by their political commitments or trying to make evolve/move the kind while remaining faithful to its history and its traditions, which it is for example about Lagwagon, No Uses For has Name, Pennywise or Millencolin concerning the punk Skate of the medium of the annéess 1990; of Propagandhi, Anti-Flag, Dillinger Furnace or Strike Anywhere and their ultra-politicized attitude; Lawrence Arms and their inventive, funny, touching texts, protestors and stuffed references; of Against Me! and their mixture of punk and Folk; the punk one with the Celtic influences of the Dropkick Murphys or Flogging Molly; old-school of the veterans of The Exploited or Casualties; thepunk one near to Clean Briefs or of Teenage Bottlerocket; gypsy punk of Gogol Bordello and its charismatic singer Eugene Hütz; or of groups like Hot Toilets Music or Jawbreaker.

One can also quote the experiments which were made at the borders of punk and the Indie by Bear vs. Shark, Ted Leo or Blake Schwarzenbach, founder of Jets to Brazil after the separation of Jawbreaker.

This tendency to revival continues with the emergence of young groups as has Wilhelm Scream or No Trigger concerning the melody Punkcore, Latterman, or the new group of hardcore of daN Yemin, Paint It Black. Without forgetting the strength of many veterans groups: NOFX, Bad Religion (of which the last two albums with the return of Mr. Brett are the best in ten years), the meeting of Lifetime, ALL/The Descendants, the career of Jello Biafra, Social Distortion ( Sex, Love And Rock “Roll ), etc

New dynamic local scenes emerged and come to be added to the traditional scenes of the years 1980 which are San Francisco ( Bay Area ) or the SoCal scene around Los Angeles, which remain two ultra-dynamic centers, or the Punk hardcore of the east coast:

• Chicago, which was already the fatherland of the Smoking Popes, of 88 Fingers Louie and Screeching Weasel, is undoubtedly most fertile, with Rise Against, The Lawrence Arms, Alkaline Trio, Much the Same;
• Mineapolis has Dillinger Four and Hüsker Of the;
• of the New England comes Boysetsfire, has Wilhelm Scream, The Unseen, No Trigger or With Honor;
• Boston is quite naturally the heart of the Celtic punk scene taken along by the Dropkick Murphys;
• in Pennsylvania, Philadelphia is the town of origin of Kid Dynamite, Paint It Black or The Loved Ones and Pittsburgh shelters Anti-Flag;
• New York and the New Jersey have Lifetime, BigWig, Crime In Stereophony, Kill Your Idols, the Bouncing Souls, Gogol Bordello, None More Black or Latterman;
• the Virginia saw being born Avail and Strike Anywhere, the South Carolina Stretch ARM Strong;
• the scene of Gainesville: Against Me! , Less Than Jake, Hot Music Toilets, This Bike Is have Bomb Pipe;
• in the North-West, the Washington has The Briefs, the Melvins, the Oregon has Tragedy and the Wyoming The Lillingtons/Teenage Bottlerocket.

Apart from the the United States, one of the most popular national scenes was a long time that of the punk rock'n'roll Swedish with Millencolin, the Satanic Surfers, No Fun At All, The Hives or Venerea. In Canada, Winnipeg is distinguished with Propagandhi, Comeback Kid or The Weakerthans and Quebec with Ripcordz, Fifth Hour Hero or The Sainte Catherines.

That is also worth for the punk European rock'n'roll and in particular French where leave many groups which followed the traces of Burning Heads or Seven Hate (inter alia): Flying Donuts, The Pookies, Straightaway, the Beets which then formed Guerilla Dustbin or Uncommonmenfrommars and Jetsex which played of the series in concerts in the United States.

The center of gravity of the labels also moved: the more modest houses knew to find their place beside lables legendary middle of the years 1990: Epitaph and Conceited Wreck Chords (and to a certain extent Burning Heart). Today, Jade Tree (Delaware), No Idea (Gainesville), Deep Elm (South Carolina) or Equal Vision (New York) contribute to the dynamism of the scene, whereas Epitaph and Burning Heart launched out in a policy of musical diversification.

The recent political initiative most outstanding was undoubtedly the collective Punk To vote initiated by Fat Mike of NOFX, coupled of a round Rock Against Bush , incentive the young people to be gone to the ballot boxes at the time of the American presidential elections of 2004.

Punk music

The punk music is characterized by a very fast tempo, an often binary rate/rhythm and the use of distortion and saturated sounds. Most of the time, the songs are played in Power-chord S .

See also the List of punk groups alphabetically

Line of time

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Related musical genres

One can also associate with it:

• the Grindcore
• the Grunge
• the Gothic Music
• the Straight edge

Related articles

• Punk Ideology
• punk Philosophy
• punk Mode
• Punky
• Cyberpunk, Cypherpunk, KROQ and Culture of youth
• on the anglophone wikipedia
• C It Yourself
• List of punk groups
• Punk in Paris
• Taken again Anarchism
• “Punk”
• 120 Nights
• Lorraine Steel Heart (Punk iron and steel)

Random links:

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