Public garden

A public garden is a ground enclosed, landscape and planted intended for the walk or the approval of the public.

Origins

Until the 17th century, the gardens, utilities or of approval, remain the prerogative of the easy classes. Only some privileged, abbeys and aristocrats, have some. These private gardens will be open only with parsimony to a public restreint.
Fault of being able to reach it, the population walks to the accesses of the ramparts and gathers with the doors of the cities, in released spaces of meadows or plains.
At the 17th century, the city opens. The absolute monarchy is with its zenith. The architecture and the fitting of the gardens are the reflection of a desire of royal ostentation.

The first gardens open to all appear, such those of the Château of Versailles or the Fields-Élysées. These gardens did not have however the statute of public gardens and satisfied before all the desire of monarchy or the aristocracy to express their influence on the ville.
It is only into 1789 that the upheaval of the French revolution half-opens the doors of the hotels and urban residences of the Aristocratie and of the Clergé. Behind the walls, the amazed people discover the ordered nature of the gardens to the Frenchwoman or the picturesque exubérance of the gardens to English the. Become national goods, preserved in whole or part, these vast private gardens are placed at the disposal of the public.
The public garden , in its modern meaning, was born: a space urban naturalist, planted, landscape and maintained by the community for approval all.

The 19th century

Limed in the revolutionary disorders post, pulled by the Empire in wars of conquest, the company of the beginning of the 19th century does little case of the gardens. Napoleon entrusts to the army the vast park of Vincennes. This one clears it, built fields of fire and casernements.
there It is necessary to await the end of the Napoleonean reign so that the public garden takes little by little its place in the new hank of the relations sociales.
The time of the Industrialization makes emerge a Bourgeoisie fortunate, avid of entertainments and exits. For exhiber its success, the city of the Second Empire will offer two new places of sociability to him: the boulevards and the public gardens .
The prefect Rambuteau, the day before the great change of Paris to the Second Empire, creates, with the garden of the archbishop's palace, the first garden " public". It integrates there benches which add instead of walk of the stages of rest. This innovation legalizes the appropriation by Parisian their green areas

The garden haussmannien

Napoleon III entrusts to Haussmann the responsibility to arrange the Bois of Vincennes to create in the east during Bois de Boulogne. Under its orders, Alphand transforms the army grounds into a vast landscaped garden and digs the Gravel lake, supplied with water of the Marne, to irrigate all the other lakes. The model created by Alphand quickly will become the reference of the Public garden and will be spread through all the country and until in its colonies. This reinterpretation of the garden to English answers indeed in all points waitings of the French company of the end of the 19th century.

⁸ See and to be considering in broad alleys bordered of benches, shaded of plane trees or chestnut trees. One reaches it sometimes in attachment.

⁸ to divert , with the casinos or bandstands in which concerts of outdoor in day or evening are given.

⁸ To explore and discover a wild nature reconstituted with its caves, picturesque bridges, lakes, ravines and points of view.

⁸ to meet in the restaurants or refreshment bars or along the diverted paths.

the public garden becomes thus a key of the town-planning. The prospects for the boulevards cross there, the places more in sight border it and the middle-class buildings are installed on its pourtour.

Its construction becomes the means of structuring a district. In the park of the Hillock-Chaumont, the garden, at the titanic prices of work, takes the place of the old careers.

the city of the 19th century can thus be read like a grid of park, forms and of size varied according to the sites. They are connected between them by planted avenues, and are relayed by public gardens. The public gardens, miniature gardens enclosure and landscapes, occupy a box in the screen of the buildings. These public gardens of district, gained on old area of construction, are bordered of streets and constructions.

Structures of the public garden

The composition of a public garden utilizes four distinct structures:

⁸ gone walks : these broad ways are bordered of alignments of trees and benches.

⁸ the hydraulic network : it is made of one or more lakes connected by artificial brooks.

⁸ the picturesque paths : they were drawn to make discover the remarkable points of sights of the garden. They are punctuated bridges, caves, view-points.

⁸ the meeting places: restaurants, Kiosk S with music, theaters or of play but also roseries or floors flowered.

According to the constraints and possibilities offered by the site chosen, each garden differently emphasizes each one of these four structures, creating a diversified pallet of public gardens.

Structure and furniture of the public gardens

Conceived like urban places with whole share, the public gardens profited from the same attentions as the official buildings. A specific architecture and a furniture thus appeared in these spaces with semi way between the city and nature.

⁸ the refreshment bars and restaurants are in the shape of country cottages or cut out wood houses.

⁸ the Ironwork S of cast iron, inspired by the plant, form the grids, rambardes, benches and standard lamps.

⁸ iron-cement, used for the parapets, the staircases or the caves, simulates interlaced rocks and branches.

the diffusion of these models apart from the public garden helped considerably with the coherence of urban fabric of the 19th century. The fountains, columns of information, the kiosks, the entries of subway adopt the vegetable style and the green color caractéristiques.
common the peripherals of the wood of Vincennes comprises all the same typology of grid which announced the presence of the public garden remotely. This grid is used in Paris to the barriers of granting.

Contemporary public gardens

the law of April 21st, 1906 organizes the protection of the sites and natural monuments of artistic nature and compares them to the historic buildings. Been included in the queen category of the Historic buildings, the remarkable gardens were listed by a mission of pre-inventory in 1982. Once finished, the inventory raised 9000 gardens, of which much deprived, which deserved protection measures and of restoration.

Beyond this step of conservation, the creation of contemporary Public gardens accelerated during the two last decades.

Their installation reflects the report/ratio fluctuating of the townsman and nature:

In 1969, the Floral garden of Paris takes as a starting point the Japan to integrate its constructions.
In 1982, the architect Bernard Tschumi artificialise the park of the Villette in an enamelled red sheet and shining stainless symphony.
In 1992, the Parc Andre-Citroen encloses its gardens with topics in a vast meadow the graminaceous ones.

the developers of the 19th century thought the city as if it were built in a public garden naturalist, which was diffused in its avenues and its places, through its plantations and its furniture of garden.
the public garden lost in the contemporary urban developments this central role. It is an green area arranged with the tools of the city, often a residual space appeared after the construction of equipment or residences.

The contemporary public garden reveals more than any other installation the difference between the romantic design of the 19th century and rationalism of the contemporary achievements.

A meeting place

The public garden gets to the visitor the approval of a place in withdrawal of the urban standard. The codes of the city are abandoned at the entry and the freedom of the behaviors or the attitudes supports the rencontres.
One finds students revising their course, of reprocessed walking, new mothers and their child. High-school pupils, students, workers pauses about it are restored there midday. Musicians or actors of theater benefit from this space to repeat.
The public garden is, in the city, a place impossible to circumvent of socialization.

Novel modes of maintenance

After agriculture, the private individuals and the local government agencies are the second users in France of pesticides and products plant health. Weeding of the alleys, treatment of the plantations and solid masses, fight against the insects constitute a all the more alarming source of pollution as it is located in a dense and already aggressive urban environment.

Vis-a-vis this report, a certain number of communities modify their interview techniques to adapt to the requirements of the development durable.
The General advice of the Hauts-de-Seine prohibited in 2007, in the 18 departmental parks and walks, the use of weeding chemical, replaced by a thermal weeding. This decision makes following several years of progressive reduction of the products of synthesis, replaced by natural auxiliaries, composting or new species resistant to the maladies.
In parallel, the maintenance operations are reduced, making it possible certain zones to take again a natural character.

The park of Seals is with the point of these techniques with the recent introduction of 15 ewes in charge of the maintenance of the zones of grazing ground under the control of especially trained shepherd-gardeners. The vehicles are also in the process of replacement by attachments tractor drawn by horses and responsible for the transport of the deadwood or sheets.

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