The pseudonym or pseudo (usual abbreviation), is a name of loan taken by somebody who does not wish to carry on a certain activity under his true name.

The use of the pseudonym is frequent in the literary or artistic circles. It makes it possible in certain cases to keep the Anonymat. The pseudonym is distinguished from the Surnom in that which it is chosen by the person who carries it instead of him to be allotted by a third.

Nom of war is an expression which is found such as it is in French in several cultures and languages including English of the United States of America to indicate certain pseudonyms.

In Arts

• For the linked activities with the writing (writers, journalists of the written press, etc) one speaks rather about pen name , and the linked activities with image (actors, humorists, etc) of Nom of scene or name of artist .

• During the artistic Rebirth, much of Italian artists is named compared to the trade of their father or by his place of origin: The Caravage (resulting from the village of Caravaggio), the Da Sangallo (working with the Saint-Gall door of Florence), the Pollaiolo (of the trade of the father, hen stockbreeder), Jacopo del Sellaio (the Saddler) by the trade of his/her father.
• In the ancient Literature, certain works, whose true author is unknown, is allotted wrongfully to a known author. In this case, the name of this author is preceded by the suffix Pseudo- and one speaks about pseudépigraphe.

In policy or situation of war

For various reasons (war, resistance, political opposition, clandestinity and in order to ensure the safety of the person concerned or its family), it is sometimes necessary to code the messages and the names of civil statue of the protagonists.

Thus the majority of the Russian revolutionists took a pseudonym

• Vladimir Ilitch Oulianov known as Lenine

• Lev Davidovitch Bronstein known as Trotsky
• Joseph (Iossif) Vissarionovitch Djougachvili known as Stalin.

In France, during the First World War, Gustave Dupin, working militant, took the pseudonym of Ermenonville in order to publish various works on this war.

During the second world war, the resistant ones or the combatants of the countries occupied by the Nazi Germany having joined the Alliés forces took names of war or resistance. Certain names remained attached thereafter to the initial name of the registry office, in particular for the personalities more in sight, even to replace it. Some examples:

• Jacques Delmas, name of Chaban resistance, became Jacques Chaban-Delmas
• Henri Tanguy, name of Rol resistance (in remembering Théo Rol), became Henri Rol-Tanguy in 1970.
• Philippe de Hautecloque, name of Leclerc war, became Philippe Leclerc de Hautecloque
• Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm, name of clandestinity Willy Brandt which became its legal name when it recovered his German nationality in 1948.

One will also use the term “code name”.

Currently in France in certain political circles accustomed to the practice of anonymity (primarily the medium Trotskyste) amongst other things sometimes due to obligation of clandestinity because prohibited movement or because practical of the infiltration in other political movements or organizations, a pseudonym is sometimes called a blaze :

• Robert Barcia was thus a long time known under its only blaze Hardy.
• Pierre Boussel is also known under the name of Lambert, name carried in political and trade-union clandestinity at the time of the Second world war.

The tag and the graff

The graphic and pictorial practices of the Tag and the Graff are of origin dedicated to use the pseudonym, known as blase or Blaze in this medium, like support of a form of penmanship, it is one of the most important sources of pseudonyms of our time after Internet.

Use on Internet

The regular use of a pseudonym makes great strides without precedent thanks to or because of Internet and its discussion forums where the inscription is prone to the choice of a pseudonym. So much so that very often, the participants do not know their real identities, even when they meet " in vrai".

Bullfighting

Sometimes in the world of the Bullfighting, the Matador S are made know general public under a name of loan, the Apodo, pseudonym chosen according to their town of origin, a physical characteristic, an old trade etc

Prostitution

In their activity, the prostitutes use pseudo that they call " name of guerre".

Right

In France

In Right, the use of a pseudonym is usually allowed. It is for example completely possible in France to make be reproduced on its indentity card its pseudonym, if it accompanies the true name. It is also possible to open an bank account under a name of loan.

The use of the pseudonym is even sometimes expressly authorized, such as for example in Royalty: the Code of the intellectual property organizes the rights of the author which publishes under pseudonym.

Anecdotes

Certain anecdotes concerning the use of pseudonyms remained famous, such as for example the writer Romain Gary, of his true name Romain Kacew, which obtained first once the Prix Goncourt in 1956, then one second time under the pseudonym of Emile Ajar in 1975 (namely that the same author is not authorized to receive this price more once).

See too

Related articles

• List of pseudonyms

• List of diminutives
• the use made by the Roman of the nickname, or cognomen in the Roman Names
• Hétéronyme
• Anonymity
• Pseudépigraphe
• : Category: Pseudonym contains very many bonds towards articles concerning the carriers of pseudonyms.
• Naming of the authors

External bonds

• the true name of the stars

• Search for literary pseudonyms

Simple: Pseudonym

Random links:

Nautilus pompilius | Alfred Giard | Federal law on the road traffic | Cervical plexus | Bloch 200 Bn4