See also: Montreal (homonymy)
The Protocole of Montreal is an international agreement aiming to reduce and in the long term completely eliminate the substances which impoverish the Couche of ozone. It was signed by 24 countries and the European Economic community the September 16th 1987 in the town of Montreal, with the Quebec. Today 190 countries are signatories of the Protocol of Montreal.
This protocol imposes the suppression of the use of CFC (Chlorofluorocarbone S) except for qualified of criticisms or essential uses, Halon S, Bromure of methyl and other substances impoverishing the layer of ozone (HCFC (Hydrochlorofluorocarbone S), Carbon tetrachloride, bromochlorométhane, hydrobromofluorocarbone, méthylchloroforme). CFC today are definitively removed except for very tiny and essential quantities (use in medicine).
It was amended in:
- 1990 : Amendment of London (Protocol of London) to the Protocol of Montreal. He adds new chemical substances; he envisages measurements of technology transfer and Funds multilateral of assistance.
- 1992 : Amendment of Copenhagen (Protocol of Copenhagen) to the Protocol of Montreal. It accelerates the elimination of several substances.
- 1997 : Amendment of Montreal to the Protocol of Montreal. He banishes the import or the export of certain substances and establishes a world system of licenses to control the international business of the substances reducing the layer of ozone.
- 1999 : Amendment of Beijing to the Protocol of Montreal. It relates to three types of substances: HFC, the Bromochlorométhane and the bromide of methyl.
Topicality
The delegates of 190 countries at this meeting in Montreal on September 12th, 2007 could greet, 20 years after the signature of the protocol, the success of the project, which is concretized by a complete stop of the production of the chlorofluorocarbons envisaged in 2010 and one optimistic estimate of the scientific community: the layer of ozone will normally find its state of 1980 between 2055 and 2065. The task is however not completed: it was envisaged to eliminate the hydrochlorofluorocarbures, the principal substitutes of the chlorofluorocarbons, from here at 2020 for the industrialized countries and 2040 for the countries in the process of development. Researchers established recently that early elimination (10 years earlier, that is to say in 2030) hydrochlorofluorocarbures would reduce the greenhouse effect in a proportion higher than what must allow the Protocole of Kyoto on the climate change! An agreement was concluded, at this 19th meeting of the parts which allows an acceleration of the exit of the use of the hydrochlorofluorocarbures. Under the terms of this agreement, the production of these substances will be cold in 2013 on its average level of 2009-2010. The industrialized countries will stop the production and consumption in 2020, reducing those to 75% in 2010 and 90% in 2015 (0,5% are authorized for maintenance). The developing countries will reduce by 10% into 2015,35% into 2020,67,5% in 2025, keeping 2,5% on average over the five last years for maintenance. The success of the Protocol of Montreal watch which the international community is able to solve the environmental problems. It is a positive signal to be followed and develop for many the other environmental problems which still arise for us at present.
| Random links: | Artémis | Arcangues | Michel Habib-Deloncle | Mow Piedras (Puerto Rico) | Paul Newby |