The protectorate is one of the forms of colonial subjection. It differs from pure and simple colonization in what the existing institutions, including nationality, are maintained on a formal level, the protective power assuming the management of the Diplomatie, the foreign trade and possibly of the Armée with the protected State. See also Resident (colonialism)

Indirect rule British

The British had much recourse to this system of Indirect rule to manage their immense colonial empire, it was indeed more economic to leave in place existing institutions and to add a " to it; to advise (S) " British (S) to replace them by a colonial administration. Into the decolonization, the princely States of the Empire of the Indies were integrated of liking or force in the new entities, India and Pakistan, except the Sikkim (Indian protectorate until its annexation pure and simple in 1975) and the Bhutan (even statute which Sikkim, but which finally reached independence in 1971). The Cachemire was not immediately annexed either, it was militarily occupied by the India and formally annexed in 1957 only, the part occupied by the Pakistan remaining a State independent of swears , the Azad Cachemire (free Cashmere), which can be regarded as a protectorate depend on Pakistan, just as the territories of North, Gilgit and the Baltistan.

It was the same in sub-Saharan Africa, with two exceptions: the protectorate of Basutoland, an enclave in South Africa, become independent kingdom in 1966 under the name of Lesotho, like that of the Swaziland (1968), in the same area. Bechuanaland, always in Southern Africa, reached for its part independence as a republic in 1966 under the name of Botswana, but with for president the heir to the royal family previously protected, Seretse Khama.

In the Pacific Ocean, the protectorate of the islands Tonga also reached independence, in 1970, without modifying its institutions.

In the Arab peninsula, except for the Yemen of the south (ex- Protectorate of Aden and Colonie of Aden, Federation of the Arab emirates of the South, Protectorate of Arabia of the South and Federation of Arabia of the South), British protectorates reached independence, either separately (Kuwait in 1961, and 1971 Qatar, Bahrain and Oman), or as a federation (United Arab Emirates in 1971).

The British tried at least three experiments of federations of protectorates, of which one fell through, the Fédération of the Arab emirates of the South in 1959, become Fédération of Arabia of the South in 1962 but dissolved in the new Popular republic of the Yemen of the south in 1967, whereas the two other federations of monarchies, the Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates, still currently exist as independent States, the first cash nine monarchies and four territories, the second seven monarchies.

See also: princely state of the British Indies

See also Dominion

Indirect rule Dutch

In the the Indies Dutchwomen (), the Netherlands used the same system as the British, with many protectorates, which were integrated in the Republic of Indonesia by the proclamation of the independence of 1945.

See also: Kingdoms and principalities of Indonesia

France, of Tonkin in Morocco

Most of the time, France preferred a system of direct administration, eliminating or devaluing old indigenous monarchies, except in two areas, the Indo-China (Annam, Kampuchea, Cochinchine, Laos, Tonkin) and the Maghreb (Tunisia and Morocco).

Certain analysts, for example the journalist Stephen Smith (Libération, Le Monde), wondered whether the independent France, and thereafter republics, did not make an error by excluding from the modern political system the monarchs (the Emperor mossi in the Upper Volta for example) and other usual chiefs who had a great legitimacy with the eyes of the population and were forsaken like a remainder of a past précolonial to éradiquer. The elimination of these old elites to the profit of political elites recruited among the former civil and military colonial civils servant would have constituted a considerable factor of political instability in these new independent States.

The States fantoches during the Second world war

Before the installation of the modes of the type Quisling, like the Norway and the France of Vichy, where local political directors were used by the Nazi regime like observers intended to make accept the maintenance of an national independence, Germany de Hitler created starting from the debris of the Czechoslovakia, dismembered after the Accords of Munich, a Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravie, corresponding to current the Tchéquie, as well as a State-satellite, the Slovakia of M^gr Tiso.

The Italy made in the same way in Yugoslavia by creating a State Oustachi of Croatia and in Greece with the Principauté of Pinde and Voïvodie of Macedonia (Wallachian Principality).

The Japan had already shown the example a few years earlier with the occupation of the China of North, by creating States fantoches like the Mandchoukouo, the Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia), the Eastern Hopei, the China of North.

to also see: Puppet government

The French influence in Africa after the decolonization

Several of the new independent States resulting from the French Western Africa and the French equatorial Africa were to a certain extent disguised protectorates, the French policy being inspired of the British model of the indirect rule ; it is in particular the case for countries like the Chad or the Gabon, and to a certain extent for the Ivory Coast, where the presence of the French Army, " conseillers" , as well as economic control partial of large French companies notably contributed to the maintenance of the governments in place.

End of protectorates

The legal mode of protectorate does not exist officially any more, all protectorates either having been integrated within new entities or having reached independence.

The mode of protectorate should not be confused with the mode of the Mandat applied, after the First World War, with certain old Othoman territories (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Transjordanie, Iraq), and German colonies (Togo, Cameroun, South-western African, Ruanda - Urundi, Tanganyika, Marshall Islands, Western islands Samoa, Nauru), in the name of the Société of the Nations (SdN), and after 1945 under the name of supervision by the United Nations (UNO), which added to the mandates on the old German colonies the Italian colonies of Libya, of Erythrée and Somalia, as well as Japanese colonies in Micronesia, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (current States of the the Northern Marianna Islands of North, of Belau, the Marshall and Federated States of Micronesia).

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