Promotion (set of failures)

The promotion is an operation of the Jeu of failures.

Rules

When a Pion reaches the last line, it must be changed ( promoted ) into a part of its color which can be with the choice a lady, a turn, an insane or a riding . One speaks about the promotion of a pawn and one uses the verb to promote a pawn, in lady for example.

In practice, as the lady is the most powerful part, the very large majority of promotions are done in lady. In the other cases, one speaks about under-promotion . However it can happen that a promotion in rider is useful, for example in order to put the unfavourable king in failure. Promotions into insane or turn are, they, rare, since a queen has all qualities of one or the other of these parts; this under-promotion can however have all its direction when it is a question of avoiding a stalemate. These cases of figure are more typical problems of failures than of the real parts.

Promotion is not limited to the already captured parts: certain top-of-the-range plays provide two ladies of each color; an often allowed convention in the friendly parts is to symbolize an additional lady by a tower posed with back (however the rules of FIDE prohibit it??).

Problems of failures

Promotion is a frequent topic of the problems of failures. A problem which presents four promotions (lady, turn, insane and riding) in the solution is thus called one (E) AUW (of the German AllUmWandlung ). A Babson Task presents a feat of ingenuity even more incredible: in a direct chechmate, the blacks have four defenses different thanks to four promotions from a given black pawn, but on each one of these defenses, the white subdue by choosing exactly same promotion for a given white pawn.

There exist alternatives of the failures where one can promote a pawn as a king, or part of the opposite color. In a fairy-like problem, when a fairy-like part is present in the initial position of the problem, the pawns can be promoted in this part.

Strategy

Promotion is a critical factor in fine of part, and consequently is to be considered as of the medium of part. A pawn having unfavourable pawns neither having, nor on none of its sides (called “ last pawn ”), is an invaluable asset which one often has favors to push ahead on each occasion. The adversary which is defended against this kind of pawn must often block it by immobilizing one of its parts.

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