The episcopal principality of Liege was a State of the Saint Germanic Roman Empire. It is in the year 980 that episcopal Principauté is born the . It is on this date that Notger, already bishop of Liege since 972, becomes prince-bishop by receiving the County of Huy.
History
See also: History of the Principality of Liege
Birth and golden age
Liege became at the 10th century, the capital of a powerful episcopal principality, thanks to the action of the bishops Éracle, Notger and Wazon. Its schools were famous until the 12th century.
Seven Collégiale S rise then in the city (Saint-Pierre, Holy-Cross, Saint-Paul, Midsummer's Day, Saint-Denis, Saint Martin's day, St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre) in addition to the cathedral where Saint Lambert is buried.
Two Abbaye S bénédictines are added to it: Saint-Jacob and the St. Lawrence. Several Romance churches and of many parts of goldsmithery (art mosan) testify still today to the efflorescence of this time, in particular the baptismal font of the city, preserved today at St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
Between 1297 and 1335, the knighthood hesbignonne is almost decimated by the Guerre of Awans and Waroux.
Liege will also try to resist the unifying work of the Bourguignons, but will fail vis-a-vis Charles Bold the on October 30th, 1468 (failure of the 600 Franchimontois). The City will find all its privileges in 1477, with died of Charles.
The April 10th 1509, Érard of Marck, one of most remarkable the Prince-bishop S of Liege, receives the regalities of the emperor Maximilien I {{er}}, which confirms the privileges of the principality granted by its predecessors.
Princes of Bavaria
XVIè and XVIIè centuries will be testing for the Principality, because it undergoes full whip the scission of the Spanish Netherlands as well as the wars of Louis XIV.
Over the internal plan, the political life is dominated by the opposition enters the popular party (Grignoux, enthusiastic defender of the democracy) and the aristocratic party (Chiroux, in favor of the prince). Days of riots took place in particular in 1636, at the time of an coup attempt of force of Chiroux, and in 1646, when rumors announce that Chiroux will fake the elections thanks to the intervention of the troops Spanish.
The riots were transformed into revolt. In 1647, Grignoux gain the elections and prohibit the entry in Liege of the prince-bishop Ferdinand of Bavaria (which was in Visé accompanied by German troops). This one transfer the seat of the government to Huy and, helped by its nephew Maximilien-Henri, undertakes the reconquest of the City.
Liege is bombarded on August 12th, 1649 (the town hall will be flaring) and capitulates on August 29th. September 19th, the prince enters Liege accompanied 2000 riders and of 1000 infantrymen and suspends the majority of the political rights. The electoral system is also re-examined with the favor of the prince, who will have all capacities then.
It will be necessary to await the beginning of the Revolution inhabitant of Li2ege on August 18th, 1789 so that the payment of 1684 is abolished, by a brought back prince-bishop captive of the castle of Seraing.
End of the Principality
See also: Revolution inhabitant of Li2ege
December 7th 1792 took place the first elections with the Vote for all: all the inhabitants of more than 18 years had to elect the deputies with national Convention. 9.700 voters took part in this vote and 9.660 of them decided for fastening in France, provided.
In 1794, following the wars of the Révolution inhabitant of Li2ege, the imperial army leaves the Principality of Liege, which involves the final exile of the last Prince-Bishop François-Antoine-Marie de Méan.
The disappearance of the Principality will be ratified in 1801 by the Traité of Lunéville signed between France and Austria.
Territory
The Principality of Liege was in current the Belgium. It extended along the Belgian Meuse, except for the area of Namur, Dining to the territory on the Comté of Looz. It thus divided into two the Austrian Netherlands, isolating the Luxembourg and old the Limbourg from the other Netherlands.
Bouillon was also related to the principality. The Prince-Évèque codirigeait in addition the town of Maastricht, initially with the the Brabant, then with the United Provinces, the Republic there having begun again the Brabançons rights after the Guerre Eighty Year old.
The armorial bearings of these territories were taken again on the blazon of the principality, of which that of current the Province of Liege is only one rehandling.
- Quartered: 1, of Bubble; 2, of Franchimont; 3, of Looz; 4, of Hornes; on-the-all of Liege.
The duchy of Bubble constitutes the southern point of the Principality, while the county of Hornes while being the northern point. At the end of the Old Mode, the territory covered approximately 1/5 of the current Belgium. This one is not to confuse with the territory of the Diocèse of Liege.
The Principality counted 23 Bonnes Cities, was divided into 15 districts (5 in suburbs of Liege and 10 out-suburbs) and also had freehold seigniories , pertaining to the inheritance of Saint-Lambert (and thus independent of the Prince and the 3 States). Alleu means independent of any prince (or lord), raising only of God alone ).
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Capital : Liege
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Good Cities , alphabetically:
-
Districts alphabetically:
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freehold Seigniories : according to the tables of the freehold Court , there existed 62 about it. All were not of importance, and some were even only of simple dependences.
Capacities
The exercise of the various capacities to evolve/move during the History, following many wars and other Peaces.After the Peace of Fexhe in 1316, the legislative power of the country was shared between the prince and the 3 States:
- the Chapter of the Cathedral (primary education State)
- the noble State
- the Third-State (Good Cities).
" Days of Etat" 10 days lasted, and were held usually twice a year. So that a proposal of the sovereign becomes law, each of the 3 States was to accept it.
The capacity of the Third-State was still reinforced on December 2nd, 1373 (Paix of the XXII): the civils servant and advisers of the prince were responsible in front of the Court for the XXII, whose decisions were sovereign. This Court was composed of 4 canons of the Chapter, 4 knights and 14 representatives of the Good Cities.
To know some of advantage about the political operation of the State inhabitant of Li2ege, you can in particular consult the ecclesiastical and political Histoire of the State of Liege , of N.G. Léonard (1744-1793).
Principal legal texts
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1066 : Charter of Huy
- 1196: Charter of Albert de Cuyck (civil laws devoted by the habit)
- 1287: Peace of the Clerks and moulted Law of the canons and the middle-class men (equality of the sorrows, pains retaliation, proof by testimony)
- 1313: Peace of Angleur
- 1316: Peace of Fexhe (the law can be modified by the prince only with the agreement of the 3 States)
- 1343: Letter of the Twenty-two (it establishes the Tribunal of the XXII); the system will be stabilized only in 1376, after 4 Paix of the XXII
- 1424: Second Regiment of Heinsberg (fixes the electoral procedure to avoid the abuses, but the direct elections become indirect)
- 1649: Payment of 1649 (suppression of the majority of the political rights)
- 1789: Declaration of the human rights and the citizen of Franchimont
See also
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List of the prince-bishops of Liege
- List of the men and famous women resulting from the Principality of Old Liege
- Cathedral Our-Lady-and-Saint-Lambert of Liege
- Diocese of Liege
- History of Belgium
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