Prime Minister of China

The row of Prime Minister of China , sometimes translated under the term of Chancelier (zh-Hant 丞相, chéngxiàng or zh-Hant 宰相, zǎixiàng ) was after the emperor more the high ranking of the administration of old the China or the states which composed it. This station was abolished and restored on several occasions, sometimes under various names.

History

The oldest mention of a Prime Minister dates from the Period of Springs and the Falls (722 - 421 av. J. - C.), when Guan Zhong becomes Prime Minister for the state of IQ in 685 av. J. - C. Starting from the Dynastie Qin, the function of Prime Minister was sometimes divided into two: the Chancellor of left (zh-Hant 左丞, zuǒchéng ) and the Chancellor of right-hand side (zh-Hant 右丞, yòuchéng ), the term “Chancellor” (zh-Hant 丞相, chéngxiàng ) referring in general to this last, which had to be able more.

Under the Western Han, the row was divided into three stations distinct which formed a named institution the “Three dukes” (三公) or “Three ministers” (zh-Hant 三司, sān sī ), which existiat already at the time of the dynasty from the Western Zhou. They were the functions of Prime Minister (zh-Hant 丞相, chéngxiàng ), called large chancellor later (zh-Hant 大司徒, dà sī tú ), large officer (zh-Hant 太尉, tài wèi ) who became later Minister for the Cavalry (zh-Hant 大司馬, dà sī mǎ ) and of large tutor of imperial annals (zh-Hant 御史大夫 yù shì dàfū ) which became Minister for Labor (zh-Hant 大司空, dà sī kōng ). The rank of Prime Minister was abolished towards 3 av. J. - C. when the emperor Aidi of the Han pushed with the suicide its Prime Minister Wang Jia.

Under the Eastern Han, the Three dukes were the posts of minister of the People (zh-Hant 司徒, sī tú ), large officer (zh-Hant 太尉, tài wèi ) and Minister for Labor (zh-Hant 司空, sī kōng ). In 189, with died of the emperor Lingdi, a crisis of succession appears and initially it is the emperor Shaodi who goes up on the throne, but it is reversed in 190 by Dong Zhuo which establishes the emperor Xiandi. Dong Zhuo restores the function of Prime Minister, is proclaimed like such and controls through the emperor. Dong Zhuo is assassinated in 192 and places it of Prime Minister remains vacant. The July 9th 208, CAD CAD, which went Master of the north of China, abolishes the institution of the Three dukes, restores the function of Prime Minister, proclaims Prime Minister, and occupies this station until its death, in March 220.

Under the Three Kingdoms, each kingdom has its Prime Minister. However under the dynasties Jin, Wei septentrional, Sui and Tang the institution of the Three dukes is restored and takes later the name of “Three Masters” (zh-Hant 三師, sān shī ) and one turns over to a system where the capacities of the Prime Minister are distributed between three people. Under the septentrional Wei dynasty, the Three Masters occupied the stations of large Master (zh-Hant 太師, tài shī ), large tutor (zh-Hant 太傅, tài fù ) and large guard (zh-Hant 太保, tài bǎo ).

Under the Sui dynasty, the capacities are distributed between:

executive functions, occupied by the magistrate as a chief (zh-Hant 尚書令, shàngshū lìng );
deliberative, occupied by the guard of the doors (zh-Hant 門下侍中, ménxià shì zhōng );
political, occupied by the general secretary (zh-Hant 中書令, zhōngzhū lìng ).

At the beginning of the Tang dynasty, this system is maintained and taken the name from the “Three mandarins as a chief” (zh-Hant 三省長官, sān shěngzhǎngguān ). Towards the end of the Tang dynasty, and the beginning of the Dynasty Song, the post of Prime Minister takes the name of tóng zhōng shū mén xià píng zhāng shì (zh-Hant 同中書門下平章事), shortened in tóngpíng zhāngshì (zh-Hant 同平章事) while the Deputy Prime Minister takes the name of shēn zhī zhèng shì (zh-Hant 參知政事). At the time of the reforms of the era Yuanfeng (1078 - 1085) the functions of Prime Minister are divided between two people, the chancellor zh-Hant 首相, shǒuxiàng , whose complete title was zh-Hant 尚書左僕射兼門下侍郎, shàngshū zuǒpúshè jiānménxià shìláng ) and the vice-chancellor (zh-Hant 相称, xiāngchēng whose complete title was zh-Hant 尚書右僕射兼中書侍郎, shàngshū yòupúshè jiānménxià shìláng ). Under the dynasty Song Southerner, at the time of the era Qiandao (1165 - 1173), the function of Prime Minister (zh-Hant 丞相, chéngxiàng ) is restored.

Under the Dynasty Yuan, the function of magistrate as a chief (zh-Hant 尚書省, shàngshū shěng ) is repealed and it is the crown prince who holds the reindeers of the executive power with the place of the Prime Minister. Under the Ming dynasty, the functions of the Prime Minister are restored. In 1380, the position of secretary general (zh-Hant 中書省, zhōngzhū shěng ) and of Prime Minister are repealed following the execution of the Prime Minister Hu Weiyong for treason. Until 1644, the most station in the administration generally takes the title of “nomination to the rank of Chancellor” (zh-Hant 拜相, bàixiāng ).

See too

Prime Minister of the Popular republic of China

Zh-classical: 丞相

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