Postnatal depression
The postnatal depression occurs, as its name indicates it, after the birth of the child: the mom becomes depressive and is closed again on itself.
After the Childbirth, approximately half of the Femme S (between 10 and 80% according to the studies) know an episode of baby blues : it occurs between J2 and J4 after the childbirth, lasts on average two days and in the majority of the cases is not prolonged with the return to residence. It associates tears, an important emotivity, the feeling of incompetence. The baby blues is without a future. It is quite different from the native depression post which generally occurs after a free interval of at 2 months and carries out a table of typical or masked depression. The native depression post (DPN) is most frequent of the complications of the post partum. It occurs in approximately 15% of the childbirth (between 10 and 20% according to the studies). It remains often ignored, because of the reserve " culturelle" to consider that a childbirth and the arrival of a baby is not lived with happiness; and the diagnosis of " fatigue" , the responsibility for the baby, who cries too much, whose sleep is not " réglé" delay readily the assumption of responsibility. And it is still too often that the diagnosis is made at the time of a pediatric or pedopsychiatric consultation in front of symptoms of the baby: food, sleep disorders…
Diagnosis
There are other standard off postpartum distress that C not involve depression. Present For example, the mother may with postpartum anxiety and postpartum OCD (including pure-O OCD). Symptoms off intrusive thoughts, obsessive postpartum OCD include recurring thoughts, avoidance behavior, fears, anxiety, and depression. -->Causes
Antenatal depression, i.e., during pregnancy (.44 to .46)
Thesis factors are known to correlate with PD. That means that, e.g., high levels off antenatal depression are associated with high levels off postpartum depression, and low levels off antenatal depression are associated with low levels off postpartum depression. Antenatal goal this does not mean the depression causes postpartum depression -- they might both Be caused by nap third Factor. In constrast, nap factors, like lack off social support, almost certainly causes postpartum depression. (Causal The role off lack off social support in PD is strongly suggested by, e.g., O' Hara 1985, Field and Al 1985; and Gotlib and Al 1991.)
Although profound Hormonal exchanges after childbirth are often claimed to causes PD, there is little obviousness that variation in pregnancy hormone levels is correlated with variation in PD levels: Studies that cuts examined pregnancy hormone levels and PD cuts usually failed to find has relationship (see, e.g., Harris 1994; O' Hara 1995). Further, fathers, who hormonal are not undergoing profound exchanges, suffer PD At relatively high spleens. Hormonal Finally, all mothers experiment thesis exchanges, yet only butt 10-15% suffer PD. This does not mean, however, that hormones C not play has role in PD. Block et al. (2000), for example, found that, in women with has history off PD , has hormone treatment simulating pregnancy and parturition caused thesis women to suffer mood symptoms. The same treatment, however, did not cause mood symptoms in women with No history off PD. One interpretation off thesis results is that there has subgroup off women who vulnerable are to hormone exchanges during pregnancy. Another interpretation is that simulating has pregnancy will trigger PD in women who vulnerable are off to PD for any the reasons indicated by Beck' S meta-analysis (summarized above).
Profound Lifestyle exchanges brought butt by caring for the Infant are also frequently claimed to causes PD, goal, again, there is little obviousness for this hypothesis. Mothers who cuts had several previous children without suffering PD edge nonetheless suffer it with to their latest child. More, most women experiment profound lifestyle exchanges with to their first pregnancy, yet most C not suffer PD.
In severe boxes, postpartum psychosis (also known ace puerperal psychosis ) edge develop, characterized by Hallucination S and Delusion S. This happens in butt 0.1 - 0.2% off all women after having given birth. In sum boxes, postpartum psychosis edge develop independent postpartum depression off.
Sometimes has preexisting Mental illness edge Be brought to the will forefront through has postpartum depression. -->
A psychological assumption évolutionnaire on the depression postpartum
Mothers with inadequate social support, year unhealthy child, has lack off resources (e.g., financial problems in contemporary societies), but other costly and stressful circumstances, cuts negative reactions towards the baby because thesis mothers would not cuts been whitebait to successfully raise the child in conditions ancestral-type.Parental Evolutionary approaches to care (e.g., Trivers 1972) suggest that parents (human and non-human) will not automatically invest in all offspring, and will reduce gold eliminate investment in their offspring when the costs outweigh the benefits. Reduced care, abandonment, and killing off offspring cuts been documented in has wide arranges species off. In many bird species, for example, both pre and post-hatching abandonment off broods is common (e.g., Ackerman and Al 2003; Cezilly 1993; Gendron and Clark 2000).
Human infants require year extraordinary dismantles parental care off. Lack off support from fathers and/or other family member will increase the costs born by mothers, whereas infant health problems will reduce the evolutionary benefits to Be gained. Ancestral yew mothers did not receive enough support from fathers gold other family members, they may not cuts been whitebait to " afford" raising the new infant without harming any existing children, but damaging to their own health (nursing depletes mothers' nutritional blinds, placing the health off poorly nourished women in jeopardy).
Inadequate For mothers suffering social support gold other costly and stressful circumstances, negative emotions directed towards has investment new infant could serf important year evolved function by causing the mother to reduce her in the infant, thereby reducing her costs.
Numerous studies support the correlation between postpartum depression and lack off social support gold other childcare stressors. Mothers with postpartum depression also reduce to their investment in their new offspring. They commonly off cuts thoughts harming to their children, exhibit fewer positive emotions and more negative emotions toward them, are less in reply and less sensitive to infant cues, less emotionally available, cuts has attainment less successful maternal role, and cuts infants that are less securely attached (Beck 1995,1996b; Cohn and Al 1990,1991; Field and Al 1985; Fowles 1996; Hoffman and Drotar 1991; Jennings and Al 1999; Murray 1991; Murray and Cooper 1996). In other words, most mothers with PD are suffering nap kind off cost, like inadequate social support, and consequently are mothering less. PD may Be year adaptation that, via negative emotions, informs mothers that they boat " afford" the new baby and that motivates them to reduce gold eliminate investment in offspring. It may also help them negotiate greater levels off investment from others.
Correct yew this view is (and it is far from proven), mothers with PD C not cuts has mental illness, they need more social support, more resources, etc Treatment for PD should therefore x-ray one helping mothers get what they need. For more one this hypothesis, see Hagen 1999 and Hagen and Barrett, n.d. -->
Effects of the parent-child ratios
Attachment. Yew has mother (gold other caregiver) does not respond consistently in has warm, caring way -- holding, rocking, cooing, stroking, but talking softly -- the baby may cuts disorder feeling safe, secure and trusting. Year insecure infant may cuts disorder interacting with the caregiver -- rejecting them gold becoming upset when with them. The infant may Be withdrawn, passive gold cuts disorder reaching milestones one target.Older children may also develop attachment resulting. They may Be less independent and less likely to interact with other people. They may cuts discipline, behavior and aggression exits. Summon children cuts has off higher risk mental health resulting, such ace anxiety and depression. -->
Psychosis postpartum
See also: Psychosis puerpérale
Psychosis. Psychosis causes the woman to roofing stone touch with reality. It takes place in combination with year underlying psychiatric disorder, such ace bipolar emotional disorder, schizophrenia, but major depression. In nap women, has share-partum psychosis is the only psychotic episode they will ever experiment, goal, for others, it is just the first indication off has psychiatric disorder. Only 1 to 2 women per 1,000 births develop postpartum psychosis. Rare It is extremely, though often treatable. However, much media coverage off postpartum depression has focused one psychosis, especially following the Andrea Yates box. -->
The business Andrea Yates
Andrea Yates had postpartum depression, the Individualist Feminists off Ifeminist.com pointed out that postpartum depression is quite common and most sufferers C not murder to their children. In fact, Yates suffered from postpartum psychosis. After Ifeminist.com pointed out that this stigmatize D has broad number off mothers and made them less likely to seek professional help, NOW removed to their claims from to their official website. Summon believe that Yates' fundamentalist church bears nap responsibility for the murder, ace the church allegedly urged her to is unaware of her Psychiatrist 'S orders. Yates methodically Drown ED her children in has Bathtub in her Clear Lake City, Houston, Texas house one June 20, 2001. -->
References
Beck, Work Card The effects off postpartum depression one maternal-infant interaction: meta-analysis has. Nursing Research 44:298 - 304, 1995.Beck, Work Card has meta-analysis off predictions off postpartam depression. Nursing Research 45:297 - 303, 1996a.
Beck, Work Card has off meta-analysis the relationship between postpartum depression and infant temperament. Nursing Research 45:225 - 230, 1996b.
Bect, Work Card (2001) Predictors off Postpartum Depression: Year Update. Nursing Research, 50,275-285.
Canadian Pediatric Society. " Depression in Pregnant Women and Mothers: How Children are Affected." October 2004. Accessed 22 November 2005 At http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/babies/Depression.htm.
Cezilly, F. (1993) Nest desertion in the greater flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber roseus. Behavior animal, 45,1038-1040.
Cohn, J.F., Campbell, S.B., Matias, R., and Hopkins, J. Face-to-face interactions off postpartum depressed and nondepressed mother-infant even At 2 months. Developmental Psychology 26:15 - 23, 1990.
Cohn, J.F., Campbell, S.B., and Ross, S. Infant response in the still-face paradigm At 6 months predicts avoidant and secure attachment At 12 months. Special Exit: Attachment and developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology 3:367 - 376, 1991.
Field, T., Sandburg, S., Garcia, R., Vega-Lahr, NR., Goldstein, S., and Guy, L. Pregnancy problems, postpartum depression, and early mother-infant interactions. Developmental Psychology 21:1152 - 1156,1985.
Fowles, E.R. antenatal Relationships among maternal attachment, depressive presence off postnatal symptoms, and maternal role attainment. Newspaper off the Society off Pediatric Children's nurses 1:75 - 82, 1996.
Gendron, Mr. & Clark, R.G. (2000) Factors affecting brood abandonment in gadwalls (Anas will strepera). Canadian Newspaper off Zoology, 78,327 331.
Gotlib, I.H., Whiffen, V.E., Wallace, TOKEN ENTRY, and Mount, Prospective J.H. investigation off postpartum depression: factors involved in onset and recovery. Newspaper off Abnormal Psychology 100:122 - 132,1991.
Harris, B. hormonal Biological and aspects off postpartum depressed mood: working towards strategies for prophylaxis and treatment. Special Exit: Depression. British Newspaper off Psychiatry 164:288 - 292, 1994.
Hoffman, Y., and Drotar, D. The impact off postpartum depressed mood one mother-infant interaction: like mother like baby? Mental Infant Health Newspaper 12:65 - 80, 1991.
Jennings, K.D., Ross, S., Popper, S., and Elmore, Mr. Thoughts off harming infants in depressed and nondepressed mothers. Newspaper off Emotional Disorders, 1999.
Murray, L. Intersubjectivity, object relations theory, and empirical obviousness from mother-infant interactions. Special Exit: The effects off relationships one relationships. Mental Infant Health Newspaper 12:219 - 232, 1991.
Murray, L., and Cooper, P.J. The impact off postpartum depression one child development. International Review off Psychiatry 8:55 - 63, 1996.
O' Hara, M.W. Depression and marital adjustment during pregnancy and after delivery. American Newspaper off Family Therapy 13:49 - 55, 1985.
O' Hara, M.W. Postpartum Depression: Causes and Consequences. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
O' Hara, M.W., and Swain A.M. Spleens and risk off postpartum depression - has meta-analysis. International Review off Psychiatry 8:37 - 54, 1996.
Trivers, R.L. (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (ED.), Sexual Selection and the Descent off Man (pp. 136-179). London: Heinemann. -->
Related articles
External bonds
-
Postpartum Depression, from the National Woman' S Health Information Center
- Postpartum Depression Postpartum International Support
- Postpartum Depression from the Encyclopedia off Mental Disorders
- Information For Couples Tips for Mothers with Post Partum Depression
- National Organization for Women
- ifeminists.com
- Perinatal The functions off postpartum depression
- sadness among Shuar women: With test off the psychic bread hypothesis
- C-Section Recovery: Depression
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