Pogrom
A pogrom (of the Russian погром that one can translate by Attaque or riot) indicates the premeditated violent actions, led to the instigation of the tsars by his police force, with the assistance of local populations primarily against the communities Juive S of Europe, and in particular of the Europe of the East, sometimes against of others ethnic minorities, like the Tziganes. These actions are often accompanied by Pillage S but also by destruction of the personal and Community goods and by assassinations. There also existed of the pogroms in the Middle East.
It is as from the 19th century that the term of pogrom is used, but the actions carried out against the Jews were quite former since one raises of it with Mainz in 1096, to Bern in 1294, in Prague in 1389, Valladolid in 1391.
During the rising of the Cossacks Zaporogues and population ruthene between 1648 and 1654, led by Bogdan Khmelnitski, against the Polish Nobility , of many pogroms shook the Ukraine. It was also the case during the invasion of the République of the Two Nations between 1654 and 1656 by the armies tsarists.
The first violences indicated as of the pogroms proceeded with Odessa in 1821, 1859 and 1871. It is especially after the assassination of the Tsar Alexandre II whose Juifs are shown, that violences break out in 1881-1882, in more than one hundred of localities, primarily in Ukraine, then integral part of the empire tsarist. The new tsar, Alexandre III, approves the massacres and follows a policy anti-semite whose pogroms become one of the components, including at his successor until the revolution of 1917. The Christian local populations, supported and often incited by the police force of the tsar, tackle the Jewish communities of the city or the village with the approval of the civil authorities and religious. To the destruction and plunderings of the goods of the Jews the Viol S and the Assassinat S. were added.
The pogroms have a double consequence: the massive emigration of 600.000 Jews during the twenty last years of the XIXe century, towards the the United States primarily, and the creation of the movement Zionist.
After the Russian Revolution of October 1917, the Juifs of Russia continued to be persecuted by the tsarists and one counts thousands of victims of pogroms during the Civil war of 1918 with 1920, in particular of the Juifs of Ukraine and Eastern Poland, some showing them to be at the origin of the Bolchévisme, therefore about the Révolution of October and speak then about Judéo-Bolchevism.
The rise of the nationalist ideas and racists between the two world wars, in particular in Germany in the Years 1930, pokes the tensions towards the Jewish communities. The Nazi party with the capacity, led by Adolf Hitler, will institutionalize the pogroms and other acts of violence disordered anti-semites and will implement acts of greater scale. It will be the case at the time of the pogrom of the November 9th 1938, named “Nuit of crystal”.
June 1st 1941 take place the Farhoud, pogrom against the Jews of Baghdad which involved 200 died and 2000 wounded and at the time which 900 Jewish houses were destroyed.
The pogroms did not stop after the Shoah and the Second world war. In 1946, a pogrom burst with Kielce in Poland. The inhabitants attacked the Jews after false rumors had been spread according to which the Jews had removed a Christian child to use its blood. Quarantedeux Juifs was killed and approximately fifty wounded.
The Pogrom of Kielce was one of the factors which caused the massive emigration of hundreds of thousands of surviving Jews of the Shoah. Known under the name of Berihah , this movement led the Juifs of Poland and other countries of Europe of the East towards the camps for displaced persons in Germany, Austria and Italy.
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