Plant oil containing hydrocarbon

The vegetable Huile carburizing (HVC) is also known under the names of pure plant oil (HVP) or raw plant oil (HVB). It can be used (until 100%) like Carburant by all the engines diesel (invented at the origin for this type of fuel), subject to minor modifications aiming at heating the Carburant in question, or, without modification, in mixture with ordinary Gazole (30% on all the vehicles, and up to 50% according to the cases). It is also the rough raw material which is used for manufacture of the Biodiesel which is a alcoholic Ester used today like Biocarburant, incorporated directly in the gas oil.

History

1891, Rudolph Diesel carries out tests on its engines (the engines Diesel) with HVB. It is convinced that plant oil has a strong potential, as well as oil and coal. It should be known that at the beginning, the driving “Diesel” was first of all known under the name of “engine oils heavy” (heavy oil was at that time, a nonmarketable residue of the refining of crude oil).
1900, company OTTO presents, at the time of the World Fair of 2000 to Paris, an engine functioning with the Groundnut oil to answer a request of the French government.
1925, chief engineer of the Marine engineering of the national marine is charged by this one with studied the possibility of using plant oils for its low-speed engines.
1939 - 1945, the difficulties of supply hydrocarbons related to the Second world war push certain areas of the world to develop the use of engines functioning with oil. Research will continue during the years which followed but the low costs of the Pétrole and the political orientations of the time put a term at it.
1997, Valenergol is created and gives a blow of accelerator to the die of the HVB. Only a few years later, this company is prosecuted by the Douane S for nonpayment of TIPP (lately known under the name of Excise tax on the Fuel), procedure always in progress in 2006.

(HVP) or by chemical conversion into Biodiesel, but of course only the most profitable species are cultivated.

Various plant oils

Technically, any plant oil, or lubricates animal can be used like Carburant, directly

the oil of Microalgue S , offers perpectives the very interesting ones:

Certain S of microalgae have a high content in oil being able to exceed 50% of their mass. Their growth is very fast: it is possible to carry out a complete harvest in a few days, which is not the case of colza. The output of the diatoms and chlorophycées is definitely higher than that of the terrestrial plants such as colza because they are unicellular organizations; their growth in suspension in an aqueous medium allows them a better access to the resources: water, CO₂ or minerals. It is for these reasons that the microscopic algae are able, according to the scientists of the NREL (John Sheehan et al.) “ to synthesize 30 times more oil with the hectare than the terrestrial plants Oléagineuse S used for manufacture of Biocarburant S ”.

the oil of Pongamia pinnata (or Karanj). Pongamia pinnata is a tree with rapid growth, nitrogen fixer, very resistant to the dryness, which push in full sun, on difficult grounds, even on salted grounds, and oil producer. India currently strongly encourages the plantation of this tree (as well as shrub Jatropha curcas ) in the unsuitable zones with the traditional cultures, this in optics to produce plant oil. The average oil yields are of 5000 liters/ha/an it tenth year, which is excellent (even output that the palm tree with oil).
the oil of Jatropha : Jatropha curcas , a shrub of the arid regions holds much the attention. Requiring very little water and nutrients, the culture of Jatropha in areas threatened of turning into a desert is justified perfectly only for its capacity to protect the ground from erosion and to retain water. The oil yield of the plant is of 1892 liters/ha/an on average (Chisti 2007). Many countries, whose India, Madagascar and South Africa, currently launch out in this die.
Of other oleiferous species cutivables in arid region (i.e. not entering in competition with the cultures with food vocation or the forests) also offers perpectives the very interesting ones: Madhuca longifolia (Mahua) - Moringa will oleifera (Saijan) - Cleome viscosa etc
the oil of palm . The Indonesia and the Malaysia start to produce minor amounts of biodiesel with this raw material. Its disadvantage is to enormously require labor for harvest, which makes this die only viable in countries to very low wages. The oil cabbage tree culture for biocarburant in this moment is massively developed in Southeast Asia (Malaysia especially) but that is done at the price of a new acceleration of the Déforestation to provide the grounds necessary. Output: 5000 liters/ha/an
the sunflower oil is extracted from seeds of Tournesol. It is a rather light oil, very much used like Biocarburant; it seems to be most interesting on the level of the écobilan. But it has the effect of containing more gum than oil of colza, which will cause to more easily stop the conduits of alimention while carburizing. The Tourteaux can be developed in animal feeds, as for those of the Colza. Average output: 662 liters of oil per hectare and per annum.
the oil of Colza is extracted from cole-seeds. It is an oil very low in saturated fatty-acids. It is easily usable as a Biocarburant and is not very expensive. Average output: 572 liters of huile/ha/an
the oil of Amande is extracted from the core of almonds. It is an oil very little coloured, it is relatively expensive.
the oil of Arachide is a very general-purpose clear oil, not requiring a refining to be able to be cooked without carcinogenic risk. On the other hand, solidifying at too high temperatures (its point disturbs would be with 13 °C) it could not be used without precaution as a Biocarburant.
the oil of Coprah
the oil of flax would be, a priori, favourable with a use as a Biocarburant, in particular with moderate latitudes because it solidifies at a temperature much lower than 0°C. (because it is very rich in unsaturated fatty-acids)
the oil of Maïs is extracted from the corn grains, it is not very expensive with the purchase. If the corn contains only one small proportion of lipids, to well too little be cultivated specifically to produce oil, this one can be recovered like coproduit of the extraction of the starch - including for the production of ethanol. The ethanol factories using of corn can thus also provide oil for the production of biodiesel, which improves the output of the die (more fuels are produced starting from one kg of corn).
the Olive oil is extracted starting from olives (first cold pressure or in mixture), and has a beautiful yellow or green color characteristic “green olive”. It is rich in antioxydants.
the oil of pips of Raisin
the oil of Ricin
the oil of sesame is extracted from seeds of Sésame. It is an oil very low in saturated fatty-acids.
the oil of mustard : hybrid varieties of seeds of Moutarde are studied. If the oil yield is less than with colza, this plant offers at the same time another very interesting product: the remainders of seeds (after extraction of oil) constitute an effective and biodegradable pesticide. Moreover mustard can be cultivated in rotation with the Blé: it improves the yield corn the following year and can be planted and be collected with same agricultural machinery.

The recycling of oils of crackling and other fatty residues

The use of oil-waste (oils of worn crackling, greases of slaughter-house, oils of fish shop) is very interesting from the point of view of the écobilan: she does not add additional cultures, and avoids of more than rejecting these oils. But the possible sources are rather restricted, the more so as the collection cannot be practicable everywhere. There exist many small projects using these oils. As example, " Mc Donalds" French provides their 6500 tons of oil of worn crackling per annum to companies of recovery which make use of it to produce Biodiesel.

It is completely possible, after Décantation and Filtration to 1 micron, to use worn Huile food (oil resulting from cracklings for example) like Carburant. These Huile S is very oxidized and thus has better a Combustion. The principal advantage of this formula is to recycle a Déchet resulting from the biomass to produce energy, to replace products of fossil origin.

However these oils are strongly acid what presents a medium-term big risk for the engine. Indeed the engine oil (" of vidange") is alkaline and the contact with oil containing hydrocarbon (by migration to the bottom engine of the mainly cold unburnt residues) neutralizes the engine oil and strongly degrades its lubricating qualities what can lead quickly to the driving break-in. As comparison, the crude oils authorized in Germany should not exceed 2% of oleic acidity for this reason whereas oils of crackling are between 5 and 10% (sometimes more), the salad oils the commercial (except the olive oil) between 0,1 and 0,2% and one oil left the triturating machine between 2 and 5% according to the treatment and the type of seed. It is then advisable to bring closer drainings, to use lubricating oil at vegetable base (Biolub) or to add a hyper lubricant.

Moreover, that often arranges the restorers and other professionals who have often evil to get rid of their waste containing oil and which will be made surely a pleasure of charging you with this mission, although that is illegal compared to the regulation on the waste disposal which imposes removal by an organization declared in prefecture. However, this waste oil is in limited quantity, it is thus an auxiliary solution but surely not a durable solution.

In the same order of idea, some factories produce Biodiesel starting from fatty residues such as greases of slaughter-houses, oil of fish (waste of the factories of Surimi) or of the oil of draining. There still, they are sources very limited in quantity, but their employment avoids local Pollution S (some of this waste are differently rejected into the environment) and somewhat improves the profitability of industries in question.

Conservation

Raw plant oil is preserved as such during several months (until more than one year under certain conditions). The oilseeds seeds can be preserved during long periods as long as they are preserved at dryness, and at fresh temperatures (from 2 to 8 °C) and in quite ventilated places (attention, in the event of very great quantities, it may be that the temperature increases and that there is production of gas, with a possibility of Explosion).

Manufactoring processes

To obtain HVC, one can pass by several " filières" :

the industry of the great consumption (the most disadvised, inter alia for environmental reasons with the plastic bottles)
the Die " Pure Plant oils " (agricultural)

Culture of a Oleaginous (standard Sunflower, Colza,… cf table above), to prefer the most famous varieties for their high content in oil.
Harvest/harvest when the oilseeds is ripest possible, maximum 9% of moisture for colza (the ideal tends towards 5 to 6% of moisture)

the worn oil recycling vegetable (in restaurants for example)

raw the plant oil term is often used to indicate the oils first pressure cold obtained in the agricultural dies, which should be only elutriated and filtered. It is not a question in fact of the oils obtained by hot pressure in the industrial oil mills which, they, require to be refined before use as fuel or consumption.

The use of oil like fuel

There exist two means, technically very different, to use these various oils like fuels for vehicles.

The short line

After simple pressing in a rather rudimentary machine, oil is elutriated then filtered to be used directly like fuel. The output of pressing is from 30% to oil 40% for 60% to 70% of oil cakes (pasty residue). The écobilan is very interesting, but the use of oil poses some problems:

the Huile can oxidize, it dries and can generate problems in the tanks.
the temperature of higher spontaneous combustion (about 450 °C, that is to say a hundred degrees more than the Gazole or methyl-esters). That causes sometimes problems with the starting of the engines.
the Température of Solidification is rather high (plant oils coming from colza or of the sunflower solidify between -5 and -15 °C), which is problematic in the cold countries.
residual contamination (particles, fibers, water.) is likely to clog the filters (for the part stopped by those) and to accelerate the wear of the system of injection (for the part which would not be stopped by these filters).

There exist technical solutions with these disadvantages, but they are rather constraining: pre-heating of the Huile thanks to heating tanks or injectors, starting with Gazole or methyl-esters (what requires two separate tanks), more powerful filters. The best results are obtained with systems able to commutate between the oil and the Gazole according to the temperature of exhaust fumes (probes lambda), the circuit of Huile being heated by the water of the Moteur (the Liquide of cooling). The proportion of maximum Huile that one can use depends on the type of injection.

Kits of modifications are now proposed by foreign companies and it starts to have in France of the people who can make the installation of this type of material. The modification of the vehicle then becomes much easier and effective. The Moteur Elsbett (Germany) runs perfectly on Pure Plant oil (http://www.elsbett.com/fr)

Another problem involved in the use of Huile fuel is the production of harmful organic compounds during its combustion, in particular the Acroléine. Nevertheless, HVC produces only CO₂ of natural origin (which belongs to a natural cycle, contrary to the fossil fuels for example), does not contain Soufre (principal element polluting of the Gazole) and seems to produce much less carcinogenic particles.

ADEME highly disadvises (communication of September 15th, 2005) the use of the HVB like fuel for the vehicles diesel. In a study undertaken jointly with the French Petroleum Institute, the ADEME notices that the properties of the HVB have harmful effects for operation of an engine because they lead to a profound change of the systems of combustion due:

with the formation of deposits (very high molecular mass for oils, characteristic of distillation, weak Index of cetane: 30 to 35),
with a strong degradation of the performances (viscosity three times higher for oils, behavior cold limited with solidifying of oil making impossible the operation of the engine),
with an oxidation resistance: destruction before 300°C and formation of carbonaceous residues).

Lastly, the same study stresses that the HVB do not answer the specifications which make it possible the diesel engines to very low respect the levels of polluting emissions imposed by the regulation. Although it makes it possible to reduce the CO emissions enormously, the use of HVB causes, compared to the use of the gas oil:

level of CO: multiplied by 2,
level of HC: multiplied by 4,
particles: increase of 90 to 140%,
aldehydes and ketones: increase of 30 to 330%,
HAP: increase of about 20%.

It should be noted that this study goes against all those which were carried out in other frontier countries. And that it is advisable to also check the sources of this article. Indeed the ADEME had published a report showing the beneficial effect of the HVB on the level of pollution and the solutions after oil.

Here a comparative analysis made between the sunflower oil and the gas oil:

http://www.oliomobile.org/documents/resultat.gif

level of CO: identical 0.07,
level of CO: 163.25 gas oil, 165.50 HVB (attention oils rejetent comparable CO the previous year during the growth of the plants which are in the beginning, therefore null impact, contrary to the gas oil).
level of HC: 0.03 gas oil, 0.04 HVB,
particles: 0.037 gas oil, 0.029 HVB,
Nox: 0.51 gas oil and 0.57 HVB
HC + Nox 0.54 gas oil and 0.61 HVB

One does not find the increases described above.

And to finish another document of the ADEME:

http://www.ademe.fr/paysdelaloire/inf/BP_PDF/149.pdf

According to information of the ADIT (Agency for the Technological Diffusion of l Information in Germany) dating from the 7/11/2004, the diesel engines know problems with a fuel containing colza: Of the 110 experimental tractors put in circulation by the German federal Department of the Environment since 2002, eights do not go any more because of severe breakdowns of engine. 71 tractors have to undergo the small ones or major repairss, and only 31 functioned without any problems. The reasons of the damages come from the bad preparation of the oil, which blocks the filter and damages the injection pumps.

This study of 2004 implied a use direct of oil on engine " froid" indeed beyond 30% it is important to start on gas oil and to wait until the engine is hot. German largely passed this stage since on their premises one can provide oneself in HVB directly to the pump.

Report of the use of HVB in the trucks dustbin of the community of commune of Villeneuve on batch

The one year results of experimentation of Pure Plant oils on the ten buckets of collection, show all the interest of this type of die for the captive fleets of the concerned communities of their vehicle fleet and of the protection of the quality of the air on their territory. _

The results speak about them-even with:

an average distance traversed by the 10 buckets of 21.400 km (between 3.500 and 28.000 km following the vehicles).

No breakdown related to the use of HVP was recorded. No mechanical problem. No the deterioration of the engines.

a reduction of manifest pollution. The analyzes of exhaust fumes show:

- a reduction of the carbon monoxide emissions, carbonic gas and carbonaceous hydrogen,

- measurements of opacimetry in fall and lower than standard NFR 10-025

Of the engines into full forme_Un system with injection of the engines regulated well and a behavior rigorously in conformity with that noted during an exclusive use of gas oil.

The die ester methyls

Detailed article: Biodiesel

The oil, generally obtained with more industrial methods (solvents), undergoes a esterification: put in the presence of methanol and of a catalyst (generally of the Soda) and generates a methyl ester and glycerin. The various components of this solution are finally separate using a centrifugal machine. The ester methyls obtained are called biodiesel or, in France, Diester ™ of the name of the principal local producer Diester Industries (DI). These fuels are more expensive to produce than oil " directe" and ask for more contribution of energy but they are easily usable in replacement of conventional gas oil (it were tested in replacement with 100% of the gas oil and few problems were raised: destruction of joints on old models and problems of injection pump, the biodiesel not being lubricating contrary to the gas oil) or mixed with this one, without asking modifications the engine.

Certain mixtures are practical for reasons more often political than technical:

sunflower oil " directe" between 5 and 30%/gas oil, (to decrease the particles, to avoid the modifications engine)
Ester methyl from 2 to 5%/gas oil, (Gas oil sold in service station in France)
oils 15%/Ester methyls (to improve the energy assessment, to avoid modifications engines)

Uses

Plant oil carburizing can be used in many situations. One finds it in the Agriculture like fuel for the agricultural machines, in fixed engines to produce, for example, electricity containing renewable energies (in generators containing diesel engine for example; Energiestro is an good example), but also like Carburant for Véhicule S light or heavy trucks (cf oliomobile) and finally in certain especially adapted backs up heater.

Plant oil carburizing can also be used in the boilers with fuel (or fuel oil), up to 30%, with a traditional burner fuel. One can use up to 100%, but by taking care to preheat oil with approximately 60°C to obtain a sufficient fluidity. One can also call upon a burner called to oil, which will have the advantage of being conceived for that and which will be able to function where necessary with the fuel.

Legislations

In France

Several levels of reflection are to be explored for the France:

the vehicle concerned: the automobile license indicates Gazole as regards the fuel, therefore plant oil is not, in theory, usable in France… as well as EMHV and others Biodiesel S or Diester S.

the insurance of the vehicle: in general, the vehicles diesel are ensured to only run to the Gazole, thus in the event of serious accident (where the experts will check the fuel used, in other words, in the event of accident where a life was concerned) it may be that is turned over against the driver of the vehicle. Moreover, in the event of modifications of the engine (to roll to 100% of HVB for example), the car can not be approved more. However, certain people saw themselves explicitly authorizing by their insurer the possibility of rolling to another thing that Gazole and to modify their engine with official kits, often under the condition that those are assembled by a professional.

plant oil as a fuel: the France did not conform to the European directive of 2003 (2003/30/CE) concerning the Biocarburant S, still regarding the use of plant oil containing hydrocarbon as illegal for any use apart from a car-producing farm (very recent official position, to confirm with legal texts).

However, certain experiments push the reflection even further. For example, at the end of 2005, the Communauté of communes of Villeneuvois (CCV) adopted the use of raw Plant oil for the carburation of its trucks of collecting of household refuse, while being based on the expertise of a lawyer specialized in public law (Philippe Terneyre) which says: “There is not any doubt that the French Right is incompatible with the provisions of direct effect of the European directive of May 8th, 2003 (2003/30/CE). The production of pure Plant oil for the carburation of Vehicle S and the use of this Biocarburant is from now on licit in France, even in the absence of system of interdepartmental authorization”. Nevertheless, in February 2006, the prefecture of Lot-et-Garonne decided to submit at the administrative court of Bordeaux the deliberations of the CCV on the use of the HVP, considering illegal their use as fuel other than agricultural.

However, the LAW n° 2006-1771 of the rectifying December 30th, 2006 of finances for 2006 indicates in its article 37:

The pure plant oils defined in the 2 can be used, pure or in mixture, like fuel in the vehicles of the captive fleets of the territorial collectivities or their groupings having concluded a protocol with the prefect and the regional director of the customs territorialement qualified. For this purpose, they conclude a protocol with the prefect and the regional director of the customs territorialement qualified. Plant oils are used within this framework under the whole responsibility of the users. They are subjected to the excise tax of consumption to the tariff applicable to the gas oil identified to the index 22 and mentioned to table B of the 1 of article 265. This tariff is decreased by the value of the reduction applied to methyl esters of plant oil mentioned to has of the 1 of article 265 (a) A.

It is also necessary to consult the Law of agricultural orientation of January 5th, 2006 which authorizes the use of the HVP to the farmers and sinners under conditions.

In light, the use of the HVP is authorized only for the farmers, the sinners and the territorial collectivities under protocol .

However this restrictive interpretation of the use of plant oils is due only to the delay taken by France in the transposition of the European directive on the biocarburants. Some underline the direct effect of this one, and the fact that the French state cannot be prevailed of its own failure in the application of a directive with regard to a taxpayer.

In Germany

Plant oil carburizing is authorized in Germany, which thus applies until the end the spirit of the European directive of 2003 concerning the Biocarburant S. One finds in Germany more and more service stations distributing of plant oil. With regard to the homologation of the modifications of the engine, the TÜV, equivalent of the mines in France, certain kits to adapt its engine to plant oil are certified and thus 100% legal in Germany. Germany recently set up standards to define standards of quality of oil.

In Germany, the “Program of the 100 tractors” proceeded between 2001 and December 2005. An intermediate report/ratio of June 2004 presents an assessment to mitigated enough semi-course: on the 110 tractors which were modified to function to 100% of HVP, there were 10 breakages of engines with repairs higher than 15.000 euros, 36 cases with repairs around 2.000 euros, 34 cases with minor repairs and 30 cases without any problem. The final report is not yet available.

In Spain

One finds Biodiesel at many service stations (at least in Catalogne). However this Carburant is described as non-polluting , whereas it would seem that it is an equivalent with the Diester French, i.e. 70% of Gazole accompanied by 30% of EMHV (plant oil esters, requiring a thorough refining and thus pollutant).

In Belgium

Until April 2006, it was necessary to personally go with papers of the car and an invoice of oil bought to the regional office of the receipts to fill form ACC4 there.

The excise to be paid was subdivided into three:

the normal excise = (198,3188 € × mass of bought oil)/1000
the special excise = 128,1206 € (even calculation)
the quotation = 14,8736 € (even calculation)

It then remained to regulate the VAT if you were subjugated (E) with this one. But since April 3rd, 2006, plant oil carburizing is défiscalisée. It can be sold by “approved producers” whose list is available near the " facilitateur" Walloon region for the biocarburants, currently of the ASBL Valbiom

See too

Biomasse
Carburant in residence
Rouler to the air will be perhaps possible a day thanks to MDI

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