Piton of the Furnace
The piton of the Furnace is the active Volcan of the island of the Réunion. It corresponds to the top - culminating with 2 631 meters - and with the side Is of a Volcan shield: the Massive of the Piton of the Furnace, which constitutes 40% of the island in its south-eastern part.
The piton of the Furnace counts, with the Kilauea, the Etna or the Stromboli, among the most active volcanos of planet. Since 1998, one or more eruptions occur each year. It is sometimes possible to go to on the spot observe projections and castings of Lave.
Description
The piton of the Furnace consists of a broad dome located in the middle of a great zone of depression called the Enclos.
The Enclosure forms large a U , of approximately 13 km length on 9 km broad, opened in the East on the Indian Ocean. With ground, he is entirely girdled cliffs, called ramparts, which overhang it a height of 100 with 400 meters. The profile longitudinally of the Enclosure is that of a Toboggan. The part high, known as " the Fouqué" Enclosure; (in a strict sense), enough punt ranging between 2 is a zone; 200 and 2 000 meters of altitude. The median part, which presents a very strong declivity until worms the coast of 450 meters, bears its name of " well; Great Slopes ". As for the low part, called " Badly burned person " , it is spread out more gently to the shore.
The cone of the piton of the Furnace, a diameter of approximately 3 km, surmounts the Fouqué enclosure until the current altitude of 2 631 meters. The Eastern edge of the cone is located at the limit of the Great Slopes. The summit part presents two craters:
- the Bory crater, located at the west, is smallest with 350 meters length and 200 meters of width. Already present at the beginning of the colonization of the island, it is named at the time same of the forwarding carried out in 1801 by Jean-Baptiste Bory of Saint-Vincent, Naturaliste and geographer French which was the first to describe the piton of the Furnace scientifically and to carry out the first chart of cast of this volcano in 1802.
- the Crater Dolomieu, located at the east, is the largest crater with 1 000 meters length and 700 meters of width. It would have appeared only in 1791 following the collapse of a magmatic Chambre summit. It is thus named by Bory in homage to Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu (1750 - 1801), Géologue and mineralogist French specialist in the Basalte. Following the draining of the magmatic room at the end of the eruption of at the beginning of April 2007, it quasi totality of the bottom of the crater crumbled on April 7th to reach a 300 meters depth compared to the edges of the crater.
Two notable singularities are distinguished in the northern part of the enclosure:
- a zone of suraffaissement of approximately 2,5 km of diameter, the " Flat of Osmunds " ,
- an isolated rock sprouting rising with 1 368 m, the " piton of Crac" , vestige of a relief former to the formation of the Enclosure.
The active part of the piton of the Furnace extends however beyond the limits from the Enclosure. Indeed the Preference Area of spacing (or rift-zone) where occur the eruptive fractures, forms a crescent more widened than the U of the Enclosure. This band of brittleness which passes by the top joined the ocean in the areas of Saint-Philippe to the south and Holy-Rose to north, where can occur “out-Enclosed” eruptions occasionally known as.
The frequency of the eruptions and the abundance of castings unceasingly renew the configuration of the piton of the Furnace and its slopes and maintain the landscapes in dominant mineral. However as soon as the lava is completely cooled, of the processes of vegetable colonization can implement itself.
The Lichen S are generally the first to be settled, followed by Fougère S then by a shrubby or raised vegetation. The phenomenon is not very sensitive in altitude where the climatic conditions are hard and where the bushes remain very sparse, but partly low the forest begins again in a few tens of years possession of the ground. In this dynamics of installation, the indigenous species pionnières as the wood of rampart are made today generally supplant by exotic species invading like the filaos, the guava trees or the wood chain.
The Enclosure is a completely uninhabited and not cultivated zone (except some vanilla plantations in underwood in the low part). The Trunk road 2, which crosses the low part of the Badly burned person constitutes the only equipment present; she is called at this place the “Road of the lava”. The site of pilgrimage of the " Virgin with the parasol" who was also in the Enclosure was covered by a casting in 2005 and the statue was moved to the village of Piton-Holy-Rose. On the other hand the adjacent active zones are occupied by the villages of Wood-White and Holy-Rose Piton on the commune of Holy-Rose, Tremblet and Takamaka on the commune of Saint-Philippe. The landscape there is very forester but also opens on fields of Canne to sugar and plantations of cabbage trees.
Geology
The piton of the Furnace forms only the currently active part of a broader Volcan shield: the Massif of the Piton of the Furnace of which the known oldest rocks were formed there is approximately 530 000 years. This solid mass forms with the Massif Piton of Snows, of older age, the island of the Meeting such as one sees it nowadays.The piton of the Furnace, as it today is known, date of approximately 4 700 years. This age corresponds to the major collapse which gave rise to the Enclos Fouqué while being accompanied by cataclysmic explosions.
One finds trace of these explosions in the shape of deposits known as of visible “ashes of Bellecombe” close to the forest road of the volcano approximately a kilometer before the final carpark. The contour of collapse remains very clearly visible in the landscape, forming a continuous cliff from 150 to 200 meters of uneven. The eruptions which then followed regularly reconstituted in the center of the zone of depression the central cone of the piton of the Furnace.
Eruptions
Characteristics of the eruptions
The majority of the eruptions occur in the Enclosure or the summit craters in an effusive way. They begin with the appearance of a long line of cracks of a few hundreds of meters (sometimes of several kilometers) from where the Lave S spout out in curtain. Then at the end of a few minutes at several hours, the eruption concentrates in only one or some points. At these exit points, the lava is propelled in a way more or less jerked at the rate/rhythm of the weights. Part of the released lava can remain fluid and be spread; it descends the slopes in the form of cast of surface or inside tunnels of lava. Another part of the released lava can be projected violently with several tens of meters in height. During projection, the lava solidifies in contact with the air and while falling down accumulates on the ground. That causes the construction of cones of projections called locally pitons. The same eruption can know several successive phases with appearance of new cracks and new exit points. This type of effusive eruption occurs on average more once per annum (although sometimes the piton of Furnace is remained dormant during several consecutive years) and does not present danger to the populations. The only remote risks are dependant on the possible emission of Cheveux of Shovel or on a Atmospheric pollution by accumulation of sulfur gases . Each eruption lasts of a few hours in several months.
It happens however that certain eruptions of this type occur apart from the enclosure. They can then affect inhabited areas, as in 1977 when castings destroyed part of the village of Holy-Rose Piton. The eruptions except Enclos occur on average every fifty years but at irregular intervals; during the last three centuries certain followed one another simply a few months or a few years of interval.
Time with other it in addition starts the collapses which had with the weight of the rocks on the roof of a magmatic room which was emptied laterally. These phenomena appear on the surface by the formation of a crater of collapse: the craters Bory and Dolomieu are the examples. The Dolomieu crater thus crumbled then filled on several occasions.
If collapse involves magma or still extreme rocks with the brutal contact of water layers contained in the structure of the volcano, it can occur an explosion known as phréato-magmatic. It then appears an explosive plume which projects rocks in the neighborhoods and disperses ashes on the island and beyond that. An important explosion would have occurred in 1860, because the bridge of the ship Marie-Elisa which sailed with thirty kilometers in the North-East of the island was covered with ashes.
More recently, an explosion in 1961 formed a plume of ashes until 6 000 meters of altitude and another in March 1986 created in Dolomieu a crater of more than one hundred fifty meters of depth.
The April 6th 2007 began a succession close to collapses in the Dolomieu crater, absorbing in less than approximately one month 150 de million; m ³ of rocks of which essence in the first 24:00 and forming a well estimated at more 350 m of depth. No explosion was however noted, the plumes observed being made up only of the important quantity of dust raised by the crumblings.
Castings which descend the slopes from the volcano can take two different, typical forms basaltic volcanicity: they can be smooth, known as of type pahoehoe , or let us gratons some, known as of type aa . At the beginning, it is about of the same lava composition: they are generally aphyric Basalte S or with Olivine. If the flow occurs without clashes, the lava remains smooth on the surface and cooling form of the figures of draperies (one speaks about dermolithic lavas). If the flow is more brutal, the release of gases forms on the surface a kind of " mousse" irregular blocks: let us gratons. Constantly a lava of the type pahoehoe can be transformed into lava of the type aa , whereas the reverse is impossible.
The rate of advance of a casting depends on the flow and the slope. However the face of cast being solidified in contact with the cold ground can only progress rather slowly (with more few km/h). On the other hand, since a casting traced its influence, the lava can circulate there at high speed (several tens of km/h).
Some cast which are fed abundantly or which come from eruptions at low altitude reach the shore and are thrown in the ocean. The contact with salt water causes a plume of condensed steam and the formation of irritating gases, in particular of Hydrochloric acid. The lava which continues to run out and to blow under water cools by forming Pillow washed S, while a level stretch of rock is built little by little increasing the terrestrial contour of the island.
History of the eruptions
On the whole, since 1650, date of the first observations of which there remains hard copies, nearly 300 eruptions were recorded. They are it systematically only since the middle of the 20th century.
Since the volcano is observed, the eruptions were generally listed in both summit craters of the central cone or inside the Enclos.
However, of the eruptions fissurales out of the enclosure already occurred, of which most outstanding occurred recently:
- in 1977, near the village of Piton-Holy-Rose (Holy-Rose) who was partly destroyed;
- in 1986, close to the village of Tremblet (Saint-Philippe) where some dwellings were destroyed by castings of the Takamaka gully and the Pointe of the Table.
After one idle period of more than five years between 1992 and 1998, the piton of the Furnace is become again very active. Following the imposing eruption from March 1998 which lasted 196 days, two or three eruptive episodes occurred each year.
The the most recent eruption, begun the April 2nd 2007 knows a rare intensity. The appeared crack at low altitude emitted high fountains of lava which poured in the ocean with a flow impressing of the millions de m ³ of rock in fusion. The inhabitants of the village of Tremblet located in the vicinity, alive in the anguish of an exit of lava except enclosure which finally did not occur, nevertheless underwent repercussions of ashes and lapillis, sulfur gas diffusion and vapors acid, and forest fires. The racking of the lava contained in the magmatic rooms present inside the volcano in addition caused a colossal collapse of the Dolomieu crater.
Volcanologic monitoring
Whereas the island of Hawaii lays out of a Observatoire volcanologic since 1912, the Meeting in remainder deprived until the end of the Années 1970. It is the destroying eruption of Piton Holy-Rose occurred out-Enclosed with the general surprise in April 1977 which starts the decision to create an observatory to supervise the piton of the Furnace, to study it and envisage the alarm clocks of them.The Observatory volcanologic of the piton of Furnace (OVPF) is thus created in 1979. The researchers and technicians settle in 1980 in the buildings built at the village of Borough-Murat, on the communal territory of the Tampon, with a score of kilometers of the top of the volcano.
The mission of the Observatory, establishment depend on the Institute of physique of the sphere of Paris, is double:
- to bring to the authorities of the Meeting the necessary information to the safety of the populations,
- to study the volcano and its eruptions to improve the scientific knowledge (and to some extent in return the organization of safety).
The piton of the Furnace is, since the installation of the Observatory, auscultated uninterrupted thanks to sensors positioned on the ground to form four inspection networks:
- a seismological network , composed of Seismometer S, especially of " type; short période" , able to detect the Seism S of proximity and low magnitude caused by the magma under pressure, which to clear a passage of exit, fractures the rock masses inside the volcano,
- a topographic network , which using apparatuses like the Inclinomètre S, the Extensomètre S, the Distancemètre S and the receivers GPS, makes it possible to appreciate the least deformations of the solid mass, in particular swellings that the rise of the magma causes,
- a magnetic network whose Magnétomètre S measure the variations of the Terrestrial magnetic field,
- one network of detection of the emissions of Radon, radioactive gas which escapes with other eruptive gases before even the gushing from the lava.
In fact the seismic events (appearance of increasingly frequent located jolts) and topographic (the swelling of the solid mass) form the signs heralding most reliable a nearest eruption, without the time of effective exit of the lava being able however to be envisaged with precision.
With the advertisement of an eruption which prepares, a device of Civil security is engaged under the authority of the Préfet of the Meeting. This device comprises several phases:
- volcanic vigilance when an eruption in the short or medium term becomes very probable,
- alarm n° 1 when it becomes imminent,
- alarm n° 2 when the eruption is in hand.
Access to the piton of the Furnace
The first explorations
The first rise which one had the written account is carried out by Mr Donnelet, the December 21st 1760. The description of the places is rather poor, but according to the account of the sior Donnelet, only one summit crater exists then.
Another forwarding, carried out in October 1768 leads to discovered " No Bellecombe" , of the name of the governor of the island of the time, which takes part in the forwarding but which personally turns back before the passage is not found. She is told thus (1755 - 1836), this last then old of less than seventeen ans.
The intendant of the king, Honore de Crémont forms again also part of the first equipped with about fifteen people which leave the Barrel (in the current commune of Saint-Philippe).
There is report/ratio however these explorations naturalists only by dispersed documents (notes, sketch, correspondences and collections) because Commerson dies in 1773 without to have never published nothing. He writes however with his brother-in-law, the Beau priest:
to have been with the climbing of the volcano ignited until the height of its hillock, to have wiped a puff, a velvety flame of it which made only me effleurer with the truth, but which reached very highly that which followed me…
Lislet also brings back this description:
The Enclosure is a rampart which surrounds the Volcano on three sides, it has about the shape of a horseshoe, at the top of which would be the Mountain of the Volcano, of the figure of a bottom of hat; there, its width is approximately of five quarters of mile, deviating irregularly while going down towards the sea by a fast slope.
In 1791, a followed appearance of an immense vertical plume of black smoke and thick resounding summit explosion occurs on July 17th and terror the country. A forwarding carried out by Alexis Bert in which take part Jean-Joseph Patu de Rosemont (1767 - 1818) and Joseph Hubert (1747 - 1825) returns to the volcano. Bert arrives at the top on July 29th and notes the formation of a crater of collapse at the origin of Dolomieu, a new mouth which it finds:
… obronde, of one hundred measuring apparatuses approximately of diameter, and one hundred twenty feet of depth; its walls were made of distinct, red horizontal layers and as stopped: between several of these layers, left the vapors which had the odor of the vitriolic acid smoking. The bottom was only one remains and slag cluster, from where escaped that and there from sulfurous smoke which had coloured in yellow several parts of the furnace.
But it is only in 1801 that a true general reconnaissance mission is undertaken under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Bory of Saint-Vincent (1778 - 1846), then just old of 23 years. The departure for the first rise is held in Piton Holy-Rose on October 25th. Bory, Jouvancourt and their companions pass by Wood-White, skirt the bottom of the Rampart of Wood-White to the Charon Hole, join the foot of the piton of Crac where a bivouac is installed, explore the Plain of Osmunds. Bory reaches on October 28th, 1801 at one o'clock in the afternoon the " Nipple central" who, located between the crater Bory and Dolomieu, marks at the time the top of the volcano and corresponds to an eruptive cone appeared in 1766. An eruption proceeds at the time even with the feet of the visitors in the Dolomieu crater:
With our feet of the bottom of an elliptic abyss, immense, which is inserted like a funnel, and of which formed walls of burned lava that intersect with the smoking cracks, threaten of a nearest ruin, spout out two contiguous sheaves of igneous matters, whose tumultuous waves, launched to more than twenty measuring apparatuses of rise, are entrechoquent and shine of a bloody light, in spite of the glare of the sun that no cloud moderated.
Bory again climbs the top of the Furnace (always in eruption in the Dolomieu crater) on November 20th, 1801 after being last this time by the Plaine of the Kaffirs and the Plaine of Sands.
Of this frequentation of the volcano finally rather short (2 rises in less than one month), Bory however leaves precise topographic descriptions, a synthesis of the former observations, some drawn boards become famous and proposals for explanations on the volcanic phenomena of which much appeared right. As an erudite naturalist, it describes many plants and minerals and in collection of the samples. One him must have eminently given to the majority places the names which they preserve still today. By its work and its account, Bory opens the way at the same time with a modern volcanologic knowledge and with a popular appropriation by Réunionnais of a volcano formerly surrounded by one will have malefic.
The time of the guides
Until in the Years 1960, the rise of the piton of the Furnace, which became an excursion appraisal, remains however held for visitors easy or impassioned because in the absence of road of approach, it is necessary to mount a true forwarding and to require the services of guides and carriers.The accompaniment of the visitors to the volcano becomes thus, like auxiliary activity, a speciality of certain inhabitants of the Plaine of the Kaffirs, particularly of those of the Twenty-seventh measures in kilometres, become Borough-Murat today.
The history of this long time in particular retained the name of the guide Josémont Lauret, death of cold and of tiredness in the night of October 6th, 1887, whose commemorative stele rises at the edge of the path of great excursion.
At the 20th century the starting appointments are done with the Inn of the volcano, close to current the Maison of the Volcano. The excursionists are of Réunionnais, or the metropolitan tourists, very seldom of the foreign tourists. In period of eruption, piqués by curiosity, they is obviously more numerous. As for the number of guides and carriers, it depends especially on the fortune of the customers and the duration envisaged of forwarding.
In general, the exit with the volcano proceeds over three days. The guides and the carriers have with the feet only slippers of hessian, " shoes goni" and they carry their loads on the back in Bertel S or on the head. The first day makes it possible to rejoin the edge of the Enclosure, the second includes/understands the rise strictly speaking piton of the Furnace and the discovery of the summit craters, the third day is devoted to the return.
Until in the Years 1930, the hikers spend the night in caves, often the Cave lataniers or in camps of gaube, hemispherical shelters of branches covered with plates of natural lawn. Then a lodging is built close to the No Bellecombe for the night rest of the walkers. This lodging, at the beginning a simple hut, becomes with the passing of years, after various transformations, extensions and rebuildings, the current lodging of the volcano and its restaurant.
To discover the Furnace today
The forest road n° 5 known as “ Route of the Volcano ” (motor-road covered until the Flat of Sands then empierrée) carries out without difficulty from the village of Borough-Murat to the edge of the last will caldeira with the locality “ Pas Bellecombe ”. With the terminus, the site which overhangs the thus Enclos Fouqué has of a carpark and an arranged panoramic surface allowing per good weather to discover the final cone. In the vicinity a lodging is where it is possible to spend the night.
Since the eruption of April 2007 during which the bottom of the Dolomieu crater crumbled on a depth higher than 300 m, the access in the Enclosure and the rise of the top are temporarily prohibited to the public because the edges of the very destabilized summit craters continue to be detached frequently and suddenly.
In normal conditions of opening, it is necessary, for climbing the top of the Furnace, au préalable to go down in the Enclosure by the path from the rampart from Bellecombe. With the foot of the wall a way marked out begins to prevent the mislaying of the hikers in the Brouillard, very frequent around the volcano. This way is materialized by large white spots of painting.
The path passes at the end of a few hundred meters close to a small cone of Scorie S called the “ Formica Leo ”. Always planes, the way led then to a small lengthened natural building of ten meters height, the “ Chapelle of Rosemont ”, a Hornito vitrified inside.
Vault begins an inclined circuit closed until new order whose layout is called today into question by the collapse of the top begun the April 6th 2007.
While passing by the line, one moved towards the top by discovering the Bory crater initially then, while continuing the path, one arrived at the Dolomieu crater which one made the turn.
The access inside the Dolomieu crater was interdict in a permanent way since the order of the prefect of September 11th, 1992, the bottom and the walls of the crater being indeed suitable unstable zones for sudden collapses.
On the northern edge of this last crater was the place called “ the Sulfur mine ”. It was about a releasing pit of the Soufre appeared in 1964. The way goes down again then towards the Vault of Rosemont.
Regulation of the access
As long as the absence of road imposes a long walk of approach, the access to the piton of the Furnace remains entirely free, even in eruptive period, under the only responsibility for the guides and the visitors who form an impassioned or fortunate elite.
With the democratization of the car then the opening of a road until the No Bellecombe, the volcano quickly becomes a very attended natural site, theater of true sways in the crowd at the time of easily visible eruptions. The first memorable congestion proceeds thus in the Badly burned person in 1961. But it is in 1972 at the time of the first eruption which follows the complete opening of the Road of the Volcano (this one having been completed until the No Bellecombe in 1968) that the Prefect of the Meeting, anxious of a massive multitude of curious, takes a decree of prohibition of access to the Enclosure the August 9th 1972. The popular dispute is sharp and the Prefecture authorizes finally the access to small groups framed by guides. But time is execrable, forwarding turns to the rout, three people die of cold, ten are hospitalized.
Since then the State at the time of each eruption a device of regulation and organization of the access to the sites of eruption implements, while trying to find the formulas which as well as possible reconcile public safety and visibility of the spectacle of nature. In the light of the specific experiments to each eruption, the device-type evolves/moves during the years. Its application however never ceases causing polemical debates relating to safety or freedom to circulate. A gate is put place at the entry of the path to materialize prefectoral closings of the Enclosure at the time of the eruptions.
At the time of the eruption of 1998, the multitude of the public causes congestions of several hours. The access is closed to the vehicles and a system of paying shuttle is set up temporarily. Following this event, a feasibility study is undertaken on opportunity of replacing freedom of movement by a perennial system of shuttles.
Geothermics
The piton of the Furnace could, in the next years, being exploited to produce electrical energy by Géothermie, by using the warm water layers trapped inside the volcano.Series of measurements telluric Magnéto S led to the beginning of the Années 2000 made it possible to locate the possible position such warm water layers. micro major exploratory drillings must begin fine 2007 to check the presence of these natural geothermic tanks and to evaluate their exploitability.
Documentary resources
Museums
- the House of the Volcano: it is a museum located at Borough-Murat, dedicated to the piton of the Furnace and volcanicity. One also includes/understands there by which average scientists the Furnace is supervised permanently by the Observatory volcanologic (buildings of this last being to a few hundred meters but not being visited).
External bonds
- Observatory volcanologic of the Piton of Furnace (OVPF)
- Fournaise.info: collective site réunionnais of information and promotion on the Piton of the Furnace
- Nouvelles, access, charts and photographs of the Piton of the Furnace
- the eruption of April 2007
Bibliographical orientation
- historical Works
- Jean-Baptiste Bory of Saint-Vincent, Voyage in the four principal islands of the seas of Africa makes by order of the government during the years nine and ten of the Republic (1801 and 1802) , Tome second and divides into volumes third, F. Bush, Paris, year XIII (1804)
- Géologie/Volcanologie
- Thomas Staudacher, Nicolas Villeneuve, Piton of the Furnace, chronicle of the eruption of the March 9th and 12th 1998 , Institut of physique of the Earth of Paris (October 1998)
- Philippe Mairine, geological Itinéraire: the Road of the Volcano, Discovered old Furnace , Academy of the Meeting, General advice of the Meeting, Observatory volcanologic of the Piton of the Furnace, Association of the professors of biology-geology, Saint-Andrew (April 1998) + re-examined and increased edition (October 2006)
- Jean-Baptiste Feriot, Thomas Staudacher, Louis Philippe Ricard, instruments of monitoring of the Piton of the Furnace , Observatory volcanologic of the Piton of the Furnace, Institute of physique of the Earth of Paris, the Plain of the Kaffirs (September 2000)
- Thomas Staudacher, Adrien Chimney, the Meeting, volcanic island located on a hot spot , Observatory volcanologic of the Piton of the Furnace, Institute of physique of the Earth of Paris, (November 2002)
- n° 3 of the magazine Eruption, objective volcanos , especially devoted to: the Meeting, between snows and Furnace (November 2003)
- Pascal Richet, Jean-Yves Cottin, Joel Dyon, Rene Maury, Nicolas Villeneuve, Guide of the volcanos of overseas , BRGM editions, Orleans, Belin Editions, Paris, coll “erudite Guides”, 2007,
- Excursions
- General advice of the Meeting, National office of the forests, solid mass of the Furnace, randonner: 10 paths of discovered active volcano of the Meeting (November 1994)
- Lively Jean-Luc, François Martel-Asselin, Bernard Grollier, Luc Reynaud, Island of the Meeting, discovered and excursions: the guide of the Piton of the Furnace , Lively Jean-Luc photographer-editor, Saint-Gilles-the-Baths (2002) ISBN 2-912383-08-0
- Lively Photography
- Jean-Luc, Planet volcano: the Piton of the Furnace, the top of the craters to the ocean , Lively Jean-Luc photographer-editor, Saint-Gilles-the-Baths (July 1999) ISBN 2-912383-05-6
- Jean-Luc Lively, François Martel-Asselin, Piton of the Furnace: at the dawn of a new millenium (November 2001)
- Serge Gélabert, the Furnace: course on the sea. Island of the Meeting (+ DVD delivers), Gélabert productions (2004)
- Pierre Choukroun, the Meeting. Volcano of exception (2007) ISBN 9782952985604
- Chronic social
- Denise Delcour, Of the men and a volcano: to live with the Meeting on the Piton of the Furnace , Delcour edition, Marseilles (October 1993) ISBN 2-9507860-0-6
Films
- Alain Gérente, great eruptions of the Piton of the Furnace
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