Pip the Brief - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

History

A beginning of shared reign

With died of Charles Martel, in 741, its load of Maire of the palate is shared between its two sons, according to the franque tradition: Carloman, becomes mayor of the palate of Austrasie and recovers the Alémanie and the Thuringe; Pip is as for him mayor of the palate of Neustrie and keeps the Provence and the Burgundy. Grifon, the third wire of Charles Martel obtains only some counties. The brothers have in 742 with Old man-Poitiers redefined their shares respective and called in question the traditional limits of the frank kingdoms.

We are at the end of the period of decline of the dynasty mérovingienne, when the sovereigns, called thereafter '' lazy kings '', do not have any more any authority, and that the mayors of the palate are the real leaders of the State. Carloman and Pépin share the capacity of the frank kingdom then and will direct the country to two. They fight first of all to bring back the stability to the borders of the kingdom.

Pip and Carloman support the reform of the Church

They start then a reform of the Church, with the assistance of the bishop Boniface of Mainz; this last estimated indeed that the clergy had become unable and discharged: It sometimes happened to me to find among people whom they call deacons of the individuals plunged in the vice, the adultery and all kinds of refuse since adolescence, and which arrived at the diaconate, and which, once deacons, has four, five or several concubines the night in their bed

The Council S, these assemblies of the clergy during which decisions of a disciplinary or theological nature were made, were not joined together any more for a long time. In addition, the franque Church complains to be despoiled by Charles Martel.

Two councils were organized as of the first years, the first in Austrasie by Carloman, in 742 - 743; the second by Pip, in 744 with Soissons in Neustrie, where the decisions adopted at the time of the council of Austrasie are taken again. This reform sets up a new hierarchy within the frank clergy, with the head of which one finds Boniface (680-754), the evangelist of the Germanie, as leader of the various bishops divided in various cities of the kingdom. The unworthy priests are relieved. Pip decides to restore the grounds monopolized by his/her father in Précaire at the request of the king ( precaria verbo governed ).

In 743, Pip and Carloman leave the mérovingien Childéric III the monastery where it had been locked up by Charles Martel and allow him to occupy the throne whose them father had évincé it. Its return is justified by the coalition formed by Grifon, the duke Odilon of Bavaria, the duke of Aquitaine Hunald and that of Alémanie, Théodebald. The latter react badly to the political elimination of Grifon (half-brother of Pip and Carloman) and dispute the legitimacy of Pippinides. After several military campaigns and the re-establishment of Childéric III, Pip and Carloman find the means of calming them during one moment.

Towards 744, Pip marries Bertrade of Laon, called Berthe with Large Foot - its nickname would be due to the fact that it had a foot larger than the other -, girl of Caribert, count de Laon. She gives him several heirs of which the future emperor Charlemagne.

Ousting of the last mérovingien

In 747, his/her brother Carloman chooses the monastic life in Italy; he yields the town hall of Austrasie to his younger brother and the care to deal with his son Drogon. Pip then becomes only the effective leader of all the frank Royaume. Consequently, it will do everything to get rid of Childéric III, the sovereign mérovingien on which it depends officially. Moreover, his/her father, to prove the uselessness of the kings mérovingiens, hadn't it left vacant the throne after the death of Thierry IV in 737? During the seven years which followed, all the official documents were gone back to 737.

In 749 or 750, Pépin sends a franque delegation near the pope Zacharie, to ask for the authorization to him of put an end to the declining reign of Mérovingiens, and thus to take the crown in the place of Childéric III. The pope accepts the request of Pip by declaring that “that which exerts truly the power, carries the title of king”. Notifying his support towards Pippinide, sovereign pontiff promulgates an apostolic regulation “so that the order of the world was not disturbed”.

In November 751, Pépin deposits Childéric III, then is made elect king of the Francs, with the field from May in Soissons. While being made acclaim by an assembly of bishops, the noble ones and of leudes (large of the kingdom), Pépin thus becomes the first representative of the dynasty Carolingienne. This election occurs, for once, without bloodshed. After depositbeing deposited, Childéric III is tonsure (it loses the long hair, signs to be able at the Francs) and will finish its days, locked up with the monastery of Saint-Bertin, close to Saint-Omer.

But if Pip gains the title of king of the Francs by his capacity, it does not have legitimacy of it, and this rupture of the dynasty mérovingienne calls of it a news which will have to replace the natural succession of wire father. This continuity will be ensured by the royal Sacre, continuity of oiling symbolizing the baptism of Clovis Ier, first frank king mérovingien, and particular alliance between the Church and the king of the Francs. It is there, in Soissons, that the bishop Boniface, his diplomatic adviser, the Sacre in the name of the Holy Catholic church by giving him holy the Onction by marking its face with holy oil, the Saint-Chrism, to transmit the the Holy Spirit to him - as that was done already at the time of a ceremony in the kings Visigoths of Tolède. By this oiling, the king of the Francs, from now on is invested by God of a mission of protection of the Church. Moreover, by holding the moral fiber of the divine Droit, it with the load “to direct the people that God entrusts to him” according to the catholic dogma, in the name of the Church and under the direction of the pope. But this legitimacy has a political cost, that of fidelity to the Church and with that which directs it, the Zacharie pope, who of Rome, gave his approval to the change of dynasty.

Pip will be made crown second once, in December of the same year, with Mainz for Austrasie, always by Boniface.

Support of Rome and fight against Lombards

The consequences of the quarrel of the images which continues with the emperor of the East, Constantin V, will push papacy to be combined with the king of the Francs. The new pope Etienne II - successor of Zacharie died in 752 - comes itself, to request from Pépin his military aid against the Lombards and their king Aistulf (or Astolf ) which threaten Rome. In 753 Pépin the Brief sends Chrodegang of Metz to lead in the kingdom of the francs the pope Etienne II. If the Etienne pope is solved to cross the Alps to request the assistance of the king of the Francs - and it is the first time that a pope undertakes similar voyage - it is that it does not have an other choice. The usual guard of the Church is the Byzantine emperor who reigns with Constantinople on the Roman Empire of the East, but this one, in bad posture, known as which it is not able to help the pope. The pope is so satisfied with the services of Chrodegang that it grants to him the Pallium and titrates it of archbishop.

The January 6th 754, to the palate of Ponthion, the south of the Champagne, king Pépin comes ahead of of the pope Etienne II and with respect, takes the support of its horse, reproducing kind the gesture of allegiance of the emperor Constantin Large the with regard to the pope Sylvestre I {{er}}. It was a skilful act of policy. Etienne II proposes in Pépin an alliance by which it would confirm by a second sacring, made by itself, the divine grace on the king of the Francs and his sons. The final agreement is made the April 14th, with Quierzy, on the edges of the Oise, between Chauny and Noyon. While the pope brings his spiritual support to Pépin, this last begins to offer to the the Holy See an enough large field to put it safe from any aggression.

Sunday July 28th 754, with the royal abbey of Saint-Denis, it is the pope Etienne II in person sacring once again Pépin. It confers to him the titles of king of the Francs and of Patrice of the Romans (Patricius Romanorum) . The wire and heirs to Pip, Carloman 1 {{er}} and Charlemagne, both future kings, are also crowned consequently occasion. As for their mother, Bertrade de Laon, it is blessed by sovereign pontiff. The pope, by this act, bench a continuous close link but, between the oiling made to the kings of the Old Testament, and that of the kings of the new dynasty. This sacring marks officially the end of the dynasty mérovingienne, and the advent of the dynasty of the Carolingians to the capacity.

By confirming the royalty of Pip III on the Francs and by conferring itself to him oiling, the pope also took his distances with the emperor who reigns in Byzance. The the Holy See relies from now on for its safety on the frank sovereigns. It is the beginning of a long collaboration, although often stormy, with the Carolingiens and their distances heirs to the Saint Germanic Roman Empire. Another consequence of this sacring, will be that the legitimacy of the king of the Francs, from now on on divine right, will not depend exclusively any more on the frank lords, voters of their king. Pip is considered from now on initially king by the will of God and the principle of this royalty of divine right will last in France without interruption during eleven hundred years.

Pip cannot thus push back the request of the pope. New “David” and first very Christian king, " by the grace of Dieu" , it has the duty - as a oldest son of the Church , taking the defense of his/her “Holy Mother” - to break the alliance which bound it to the Lombards. Delegation sending at Lombards, the October 14th 754, will not be enough to calm their claims. Thus, in 755, Pépin launches it against them the first victorious forwarding. But the following year, the Lombards besiege Rome. Of 756 with 758, Pépin will have to launch three campaigns (crowned success), to manage to push back them out of the Exarchat of Ravenne.

At the conclusion of these forwardings, Pépin the Brief entrusts to the pope the conquered territories, that is to say twenty-two cities of the central Italy, of which Ravenne, Perugia and provinces of Emilie and the Pentapole which come to be added to Rome; it is this unit which will form the core of the Papal States - to see the related article the Donation of Pip . Nevertheless, after this victory, it will multiply the diplomatic efforts to try to restore a pretense of peace between the Lombards and Rome.

Consolidation of the kingdom

During its reign, Pépin gives of the order in its kingdom:

With the large lords, it extends the reports/ratios vassalic by oaths of fidelity.
It works to drive out definitively Arabic of the Septimanie, province in the south of the frank kingdom, tries that it will complete in 759, with the catch of Narbonne.
It takes again Aquitaine after long series of campaigns against the Duc of Aquitaine Waïfre (Gaifier), of 761 with 768.

He fights continuously to sit his authority at the borders, in particular in Germanie, where since the abdication of his Carloman brother in 747, he is confronted with the opposition of his half-brother, Grifon, wire naturalness of Charles Martel which had been made recognize duke of Bavaria. Overcome, this last is made duke of Maine by Pépin which entrusts the to him walk of Brittany especially created for him. It is a manner of moving away it from Bavarian and thus of dissuading it to revolt. But the unwillingness of Grifon will lead it to seek to be combined in Lombards, and at this point in time it was going to cross the Alps which it is made kill by men of Pip.

In 754 - 755, it also launches a monetary reform, leading to the adoption of the money sum of money in (755), and to the introduction of the Dîme in 756. The edict of Worm, (Oise) was a first attempt to standardize the weight and the aspect of the frank money sum of money, but the mark of the royal authority was reproduced systematically on the currency only with Charlemagne starting from 793.

The death of Pip the brief

He dies the September 24th 768 with the Abbaye of Saint-Denis, after having divided the kingdom, always according to the old franque habit, between his two sons, Charles (future Charlemagne) and Carloman I {{er}}. He was buried the face against ground as a sign of atonement of his faults at the entry of the abbey of Saint-Denis, where he was joined by his wife Berthe in 783.

Chronology

715 : birth of Pip, wire of Charles Martel.
741 : it becomes Maire of the palate of Neustrie with died of his father.
743 : Pip leaves Childéric III the monastery where it was locked up since 737, to make it go up on the throne.
744 : it organizes the Concile of Soissons which will set up a hierarchy within the frank clergy, to the head of which one finds Boniface.
744 : he marries Bertrade de Laon, known as with the Large Foot .
747 : his/her brother Carloman Ier d' Austrasie chooses the monastic life, and yields the town hall Austrasie to his younger brother.
751 : Pip deposits Childéric III, and is made elect king in November in Soissons, by acclamations by the assembly the large ones of the kingdom. It is made crown first once then second once, in December in Austrasie.
754 : the new pope Etienne II comes to ask him for his military aid against the Lombards which threaten Rome, and king with Saint-Denis crowns it the July 28th. In October, Pépin sends a delegation at Lombards but without success.
755 : Pip launches against the Lombards the first victorious forwarding.

Edict of Worm founding the monetary reform.

756 : second countryside against Lombards.

Introduction of the Dîme in favor of the clergy
Adoption of the sum of money silver.

757 : third countryside against Lombards.
758 : fourth countryside against Lombards, at the time which he finally managed to push back them out of the Exarchat of Ravenne.
759 : it drives out definitively Arabic of the Septimanie and takes again Narbonne.
761 : first series campaign of eight against the duke Waïfre of Aquitaine, last in 768.
768 : died of king Pépin the brief, the September 24th with the abbey Saint-Denis.

Genealogy

See also Carolingian Pépinides and

Pépin III known as '' the Brief '' was born v. 715 with Jupille and he died the September 24th 768 with Saint-Denis.

┌─ Pip known as '' the Young person '' (v. 635 - † 714), mayor of the palate of Austrasie (v. 680), mayor of the palate of Neustrie (687), mayor of the palate of Burgundy (687), Dux and princeps Francorum. ┌─ Charles known as '' Martel '' (v. 685 - † 741), mayor of the palate of Austrasie (719), mayor of the palate of Neustrie (719), mayor of the palate of Burgundy (719). │ └─ Alpaïde de Bruyères (? -?). │ Pip III known as '' the Brief '' │ │ ┌─ X └─ Rotrude of Trier (? -?). └─ X

Pip III known as '' the Brief '' ép. in 744 Bertrade or Berthe de Laon known as '' with the Large Foot '' (cf Hugobertides) │ ├─ Charles Ier known as '' Large the '' or '' Charlemagne '' (742 - † 814), king of the Francs (768), king of Lombards (774), emperor of Occident (800). principal sovereign of the Carolingian dynasty . │ 1) ép. in 770 Desired of Lombardy (cf Lombardy) │ 2) ép. in 768 Himiltrude │ 3) ép. v. 771 Hildegarde de Vintzgau (cf Agilolfing) │ 4) ép. in 783 Fastrade de Franconie │ 5) ép. v. 795 Liutgarde d' Alémanie │ 6) conc. Madelgarde │ 7) conc. in v. 808 Gerswinde of Saxony │ 8) conc. in v. 800 Regina │ 9) conc. in v. 806 Adelaide │ ├─ Carloman Ier (v. 751 - † 771), king of the Francs (768). │ ép. in 768 Gerberge of Lombardy (cf Lombardy) │ ├─Gisèle (757 - † 810), Abbess of the Abbey of Chelles ├─ Pip (759 - † 761) ├─Berthe (? -?). │ ép. Milon of Angers │ ├─Rothaïde (? -?). └─Adélaïde (? -?).

See too

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