Pierre Martyr of Anguiera (in Italian, Pietro Martire d' Anghiera ) (1457 - 1526) was a Humaniste, Universitaire, Diplomate, writer and Spanish Historien of the end of the XV {{E}} and beginning of the 16th century.

Pierre Martyr always remained in the immediate entourage of the Kings Catholiques, Isabelle of castille and Ferdinand d' Aragon, then in that of their grandson Charles Quint, reunificator of the various kingdoms which will take the name “Spain. ” It there made all its career and was at the court at the time of end of the Reconquista initially, but also at the moment of discovered the Western Indies - of which it is the first to testify in writing in 1494 - and during the conquest of the new territories of the Nouveau World and at the beginning of their colonization.

Anguiera was there successively tutor of the royal children, gentleman of the Room, adviser, ambassador, director of the palatine École , plenipotentiary negotiator, chronicler and abbot of the Jamaica.

On its name

Pierre Martyr of Anguiera is the name under which it is quoted in many French-speaking texts. The international form of its name is Pietro Martire d' Anghiera (1457-1526). Since first half of the sixteenth century it is known in France under the name of " Pierre Martyr of Milan " or " Pierre Martyr of Anghiera " in many later texts.

One finds other forms nominal in other languages:

  • Anghiera, Peter Martyr von
  • Anglería, Pedro Mártir of
  • Martyr of Anghiera, Pierre
  • Martire d' Anghiera, Pietro
  • Anglerius, Petrus Martyr
  • Anghiera Peter Martyr of

These names, used during the publication of its works in Europe during the five passed centuries, were sometimes used in French by authors qu translated its texts. He is trying when one draws information in a text written in a foreign language to preserve the orthography of the name such as one meets it: it is sometimes an error. These names are translations, in all the local languages of edition, of the original name of Pietro Martire d' Anghiera. They were used in many texts relating to it, which five hundreds after its death can sow the disorder. Pierre Martyr of Anghiera even modified his noun to him. He has it " castillanized ". He also signed many documents of his name " Latinized ". Its correspondents in Lombardy, from which some knew it since its childhood, continued to use its name of birth. That is visible in the original texts relating to Pietro Martire d' Anghiera in these languages.

Biography

Chronology

Birth on February 2nd, 1457, of Pietro Martire d' Anghiera, with Arona, in Lombardy, Italy, in a family originating in Anghera or Anghiera, commune of Lombardy called today Angera. It comes to Rome in 1477 recommended by Ascanio Sforza and Giovani Arcimboldo, bishop of Milan. Under the pontificate from Innocent VIII he becomes secretary of Francesco Negro, Milanese and governor of Rome. In September 1486, it meets the emissary count de Tendilla of Kings Catholiques, come to lend oath of obedience to the pontiff. In 1487, it leaves Rome and accompanies the count de Tendilla. It comes to settle at the Court of the king Ferdinand II of Aragon, husband of Isabelle de Castille (known as the Catholic). It is twenty eight years old. It begins its Spanish career while taking part in the seat of Grenade like soldier. And is made the narrator of it. In April 1492, it receives the orders of the hands of the new archbishop of Grenade. It is called at the court of Kings Catholiques, in June 1492, to ensure the education of the noble young people, Pierre Martyr of Anghiera leaves Grenade for Valladolid. From this date it was devoted mainly to this spot until 1501 whole while continuing to write its many letters. During its functions of teacher, it will have the responsibility of inform the pages of the Queen. Among the new one arrived one finds wire of Colomb, Diégo and Hernando. D' Anghiera built with prince Don Juan a solid friendship. He is appreciated monarchs who recognize his value and his judgment. Since 1492, it is named " contino" (kind of gentleman of the room); in this function it is permanently in the intimacy of the sovereigns. In 1501, it obtains a diplomatic mission from the Sultan of Egypt which is crowned success. He tells his negotiations in a way detailed in “Legatio Babylonia”. On his Isabelle return the Catholic names it officially palatine principal with a revenue of 30.000 maravédis. In 1504, with died by the queen, it accompanies the skin by sovereign in Grenade and waited there until one recalls it to the court. What arrived quickly. It returns to the meadows of Ferdinand d' Aragon. In 1518, Pierre Martyr is named at the charged commission of the Administration of the Indies Occidentales. From 1524, he becomes secretary of the " The Council of Indes" . Towards this date he becomes Abbé of Jamaica. He spends the last years of his life to follow the court of Charles Quint. Pierre Martyr of Anghieria dies in October 1526 with Grenade, Spain.

Pierre Martyr: Epistolary historian

Dice 1494, Martyr improvised " historian of the découverte" after having been the narrator of the conquest of Grenade. He told in his letters sent to several interlocutors what he saw at the court of Kings Catholiques. These letters will be gathered to constitute the work which we know.

Pierre Martyr personally met several of the participants in the Conquest of the New World, of which most important, Christophe Colomb. One can regard his information as reliable and authentic. At the time or Martyr was tutor at the court, he was in load of the education of prince Don Juan but also of the pages of the Queen. Among these pages were the two wire of Colomb, Diego Colon and Hernando Colon . Martyr and Colomb met many times; he discussed on many points and exchanged many information. Martyr recalls it in his letters. He quotes of many anecdotes which were reported to him by the Admiral of the Sea Océane.

Pierre Martyr, Italian alive in Spain, makes known immediately the discovery of a new continent in Italy, with his friend of childhood Ascanio Sforza. He announces that the discoverer is Ligure. Nobody in Italy asserted anything at the time of this discovery, nor elsewhere in Europe, it should well be recognized. Except François 1st, in France, which required that one show him the will of Adam who would exclude it from the division of the World.

It is also thanks to Pierre Martyr that we know the reception of Colomb by Kings Catholiques with the return of its first voyage, at the end of April 1493, in Barcelona. It was of all the biographers of Colomb that which was present the first and whose texts were published at once.

Martyr is the first to announce that the discoveries of Colomb relate to a new unknown continent. Its relations have an major importance: they were not faded. If its letters contain errors they are the fact of Martyr him even. Its texts having been published of alive sound, they could not be modified without its knowledge. What is not the case for the two other biographers contenporains of Colomb.

  • the two other biographers of the discovery, Las Put and the 2nd wire of Colomb, Hernando Colon , will be published only in the end of the XIXe century for the first and in 1571 for 2nd.
    • the manuscript of Mow Put, finished in 1559, at summer put in deposit on its request at the College of San Grégorio de Valladolid, with instruction to publish it later only forty years. In fact, it will be published only in 1875, in Madrid. On the other hand, in spite of the request for Mow Put, the manuscript will be extracted from the College in 1571, the same year as the publication of the work of Hernando Colon in Venice, to be entrusted by Juan de Ovando to Juan Lopez de Velasco , then placed at the disposal of Antonio de Herrera which abundantly plagiarized it to write its relation of the History of the Indies. There are doubts about certain passages which would have been faded after the death of mow Casas. It is strange to note that the text of the son of Colomb at summer published the year or that of Mow Put was extracted from the College San Gragorio, in contradiction with its wish…

By his official functions with the the Council of the Indies , Pierre Martyr had access to all the official documents of the kingdom of Castille concerning the discovery and the colonization of the New Continent discovered by Colomb. These documents are preserved today at the Files of the Indies of Seville Archivos de India, Sevilla.

Of all the authors who wrote on the discovery of America, Christophe Colomb, the life in Andalusia at that time, Martyr is the primary source of contemporary documentation. It is by the reading as of its documents that it is necessary to start. The reading and the analysis of what wrote Pierre Martyr of Anguiera are an excellent means of investigation to detect the forgers and deteriorations of the history concerning the events of this time. That facilitates the reject of certain completely unfounded recent wild imaginings.

In the prolog of sound History of the Indies , Las Put indicates: " …/… among these authors one should grant to no more credit than in Pierre Martyr, who wrote in Latin his Decades at one time when it was in Castille, because what it known as of the beginnings was carefully received there from the Admiral himself, who was the first discoverer, and with which it spoke “souventes” (sic) time, and of his/her companions, as of those which made these voyages in the first times ".

Las Casas still indicates: " I drew all that from what writes Hernando Colón, wire of the first Admiral and of the decades of Pierre Martyr who speaks about it at greater length that D. Hernando considering at that time this one was still very young and Pierre Martyr could very well learn it from the Admiral in person, because it was very with the fact of what this one wrote, resident then at the court and being strong in the royal favor ".

Further Las Put additions: " … Pierre Martyr…/… to which one can grant more credit than to very other of those which wrote in Latin, because it was in Castille at that time, that it spoke with everyone and that all people enjoyed to give an account of to him what he had seen and found, because it was a sizeable man and who took the time to question considering which he tried to write as we said in the prolog of this History ". Information of mow Casas is confirmed by Pierre Martyr him even when he writes: " … because the Admiral, to which I am bound by a personal friendship , has me his hand written that it would reveal me in manner very detailed what the fate revealed to him ".

Pierre Martyr indicates in another document which are its sources used to write its decades on the Sea Océane : " …/this some information, which I found in personal documents of the admiral Colomb, you know that I gathered them as quickly as your secretary with whom been able to transcribe them under my dictation " ;

Martyr will assist the queen Isabelle de Castille in his pain and his sorrows after the successive loss of his son, of his daughters and when the madness of his/her Juana daughter was recognized.

Martyr accepted from king Ferdinand become widowed, the mission of taking care on his daughter Juana known as “Juana Loca” (Jeanne the Insane one). After the death of the king, Martyr tells in his letters the regency exerted by the Ximenés cardinal. Martyr does not like it: it is sensitive in its writings. Martyr tells in the letters published in the opus Epistularum the arrival of Charles, small son of Kings Catholiques who will become the Emperor Charles Quint.

Towards the end of his life, if it were not rich, Martyr lived in ease. He had been done at the court of the faithful friends. He had become the close friend of the pope Adrien VI whom he had known whereas this last was only the Adrien Cardinal, tutor of that which became Charles Quint.

Pierre Martyr: Historical writer

The first letter of Pierre Martyr of Anghiera is gone back to 1494, two years after the Discovery of the New Continent by Christophe Colomb.

From 1494 to 1510, Martyr with written the ten letters which constituted the first decade. It is not that towards 1501 qu ' a project to gather them appeared.

  • the two first were addressed to Ascanio Sforza, the seven following ones with the Cardinal Louis d' Aragon, one among it, the first of the seven was also sent to the pope Jules II. Tenth is addressed to the count de Tendilla.
Tendilla had required of Pierre Martyr a complete copy as of his letters. What encouraged the author to make them print. Elio Antonio de Nebrija which was the friend of Pierre Martyr, recalls in its foreword to the second paragraph that without this request made by Tendilla with Martyr the documents would probably have been lost: " Haec sunt has me, lector amice, idicirco tam longerepetite, C ostenderem not multum abfuisse quin Martyris mei quaedam multaque opera multo studio diligentia elaborata interirent, nisi Tendillani Comitis prouidentiz obstitisset". " If I insisted so lengthily, friendly reader, it is to show that certain works of my friend Martyr, made up with much of care and of application, failed well to disappear, which would have arrived without the precaution of the tale of Tendilla ".

Pietro Martire d' Anghiera is known for two major works Of Sphere Nouo and Opus Epistularum which presents great resemblances. They made up and were printed starting from the same sources: 816 letters written by Martyr, between 1494 and 1526.

In spite of this resemblance one can find a major difference to them:

Of Sphere Nouo entirely is devoted to discovered New World. It gathers forty letters on 816, the only ones which relate to the discovery of the new continent carried out in 1492 with Christophe Colomb.

  • the sources of Martyr are exceptional. They are official documents transmitted to the court. They are the people implied in the Discovery that it met and that it listened. It is the Admiral of the Sea Océane, viceroy of the territories discovered. They are the answers to the questions which it raised with its interlocutors. He had access to the documents that Colomb to given to the sovereigns.

Opus Epistularum is devoted to events which occurred on the continent of Europe is particularly in the Iberian peninsula and with the Italian peninsula with a prevalence for his/her friends remained in Milan and Rome for the latter. It is in this work that Martyr tells the life of Ferdinand d' Aragon after the death D `Isabelle de Castille.

Editions princeps and old of Pierre Martyr

  • 1511 : impression of the first edition of its Decades Of Sphere Novo . One finds in this first edition, the first printed chart of Domingue Saint, engraved on wood, carried out by Andrès de Marales. The work is printed in Seville by Jacob Cromberger, under the title Petris Martyris Angli mediolanensis opera . This edition is dedicated to the count de Tendilla that Martyr met in his youth in Rome and who incited it to come to the court from Kings Catholiques. The dedication is made up in this terms: . Several lines in this dedication follow.
  • Of Sphere Novo Decades , foreword of Elio Antonio de Nebrija (1444? - 1522) impression under the title: Of Sphere novo decades ( $petri Martyris Anglerii. Cum ejusdem Legatione Babylonica. Edidit Antonius Nebrissensis ); Compluti: impr. in contubernio A. Guillelmi, 1516 - Note n°: FRBNF30020962. Notes: this document is devoted to discovered New World carried out by Christophe Colomb in 1492. It is in this work that the event is officially announced by Pierre Martyr. But it is as in the letter sent to his/her friend Ascanio Sforza by Pierre Martyr as Christophe Colomb is officially designated by Kings Catholiques, under the feather of Pierre Martyr as a Ligurian: “Christophe Colomb, a Ligurian” (), in the third paragraph of the written letter with Ascanio Sforza day of the ides of November 1493, i.e. the first October 1493 (Source: Brigitte Gauvin, page 14, cf supra.). I.e. originating in the Province of Ligurie, located around Genoa. Was this assertion carried out on order of the sovereigns? Nobody is able to say it. In this Colomb letter is qualified several times of Ligurian: " Paragraph 6: " … they had been misled by the Ligurian , (see the transcription and translation of Brigitte Gauvin, page 18, cf supra.) In this same letter, at the twentieth paragraph Martyr indicates, … it is called, in Spain, Almirante Colomb (). (see Brigitte Gauvin, page 18, cf supra.) Elio Antonio de Nebrija wrote the foreword but was probably also the corrector of this work of the point of the sight of the language. Nebrija is the author of arte of the lengua castellana . This work not only will fix the Castilian to make it become the current Spaniard but he will make it possible Nebrija to write a dictionary Spanish/Latin and Latin/Spanish which was the best of its time. Reprintings: Paris, 1532; Basle, 1533; Cologne, 1474 in 8°.
  • Of Sphere Nouo ( Of sphere novo $petri Martyris ab Angleria Mediolanensis protonotarii Cesaris Senatoris decades , Compluti, 1516)
  • Of Sphere novo $petri Martyris ab Angleria ,… decades; Compluti: apud Mr. d' Eguia, 1530. Note n°: FRBNF30020963.
  • Opus epistolarum $petri Martyris Anglerii Mediolanensis protonotarii apostolici atque has consiliis rerum Indicarum - Nunc primum and natum and mediocri cleaned excusum: quod quidem to lend stili venustate nostrorum quoque temporum historie loco ess poterit ; , CXCIX, C.; fol; latino, Compluti, 1530 (in aedibus Michaelis de Eguia, 1530) - IT \ ICCU \ AVOIDS \ 050351.

Reference material

For the biography to see with the BNF the dates appointed on the Note n°: FRBNF12155335.

Principal works used

  • Carlo Frati, El mapa farmhouse antiguo of the isla of Santo Domingo (1516) there Pedro Martir de Angleria por el Dr. Carlo Frati, director of the R. Biblioteca Universitaria de Bolonia (Italia); idiot proemio por el lic. acad. Federico Henriquez there Carvayal, catedratico of Universidad de Santo Domingo… Estr. da: " Bibliofilia" , (1921-22), tomo XXIII, Disp. 1-2; 22 p., 3 C. di tav. : ill. ; 31 cm; Ling spagnolo; Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 1929 - IT \ ICCU \ UBO \ 1056971.
  • Brigitte Gauvin, Thesis of doctorate: Latin studies , 1995, Caen, France. independent source used to write this article .
  • Brigitte Gauvin, Decades of the New world. I, the decade océane , Pierre Martyr of printed Anghiera; follow-up of the " Fourth voyage of Christophe Colomb" /ED., transl. and how. of Brigitte Gauvin, XCVII-374 p.: charts, couv. ill. ; 23 cm, Paris: beautiful letters, 2003. ISBN 2-251-34468-3 - Note n°: FRBNF38976405. This work is the publication of the thesis of doctorate of Latin studies of Brigitte Gauvin. It contains the Latin text of the first decade " The decade océane" , of the " Decades of New the monde" as well as the 4th chapter of the 3rd decade and the " Fourth voyage of Christophe Colomb" with the French translation in glance. - Bibliogr. p. LXXXV-XCVII. Index; One finds many information in the Complementary Notes which go from page 267 on page 343; one finds also several charts at the end of the work. These fourteen charts relate to the discovery of the New World.
  • Bartolomé de Las Put, Histoire of the Indies " of Spanish by Jean-Pierre Clement and Jean-Marie Saint-Lu, 3 vol. (1076, 362,886 p.): charts, couv. ill. ; 22 cm; Bibliogr. vol. 3, p. 837-849. Index at the end of each vol.; Paris: ED. threshold, 2002 ISBN 2-02-052539-9 (ED. complete). - ISBN 2-02-020465-7 (vol. 1) (Br.), ISBN 2-02-052537-2 (vol. 2) (Br.), ISBN 2-02-052538-0 (vol. 3) (Br.): 980.013 - Note n°: FRBNF38895118. It is about the first translation in French of this work published for the first time at the 19th century in Spanish in Spain. Las Casas had finished it in November 1559.
  • Ernesto Lunardi : " The scoperta del Nuovo Mondo negli scritti di Pietro Martire D' Anghiera, Istituto poligrafico E Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, Roma, 1992.
  • Pedro Martyr of Anghiera: “Epistolario” Documentos inéditos para the historia of España”, N° 4, T. 9, at 12, Madrid, 1953 - 1957.
  • Demetrio Pérez Ramos, Tired variaciones ideológicas in torno Al descubrimiento of América : Pedro Mártir de Anglería known there mentalidad" ; 84 p.: ill. ; 25 cm. ; : Put-Museo from Colón, Seminario Americanista of Universidad de Valladolid, 1981/1982. Comprise bibliographical references.
  • Angelo L. Stopped, the umanista aronese Pietro martire D' Anghiera, firstly storico del Nuovo mondo /cleaned di Angelo L. Stopped E Roberto Cicala; prefazione di Paolo Emilio Taviani; 204 p.: ill. ; 24 cm. ; . Novara: Associazione di storia della Chiesa novarese, 1992. Central Nazionale di Firenze: dimension: FO B. 15097.

Complementary bibliography

  • Ass. italiana St Americanistici : " Pietro Martire d' Anghiera nella storia E nella will cultura/Secondo convegno internazionale di studi americanistici. - St.Americanistici" , 1980. - LIX, 687 p.; 24 cm. This document is available to the library of Arona.
  • Convegno *Pietro Martire d'*Anghiera <1990 ; Arona> : " The umanista aronese Pietro Martire d' Anghiera: firstly storico LED nuovo mondo: atti del Convegno, Arona 28 ottobre 1990/has cleaned di Angelo L. Stopped E Roberto Cicala; prefazione di Paolo Emilio Taviani"; italiano; 1992. This document is available to the library of Arona.
  • Gafarel , Paul: " First decade of the sphere novo of Pierre Martyr D' Anghiera/translated by Paul Gaffarel" ; 88 p.; 27 cm; París: , 1893 (Imp. Joined together)
  • Mariéjol , Jean-Hippolyte (1855-1934): “An Italian well-read man at the court of Spain (1488-1526): Pierre Martyr of Anghera, his life and its works, thesis for the doctorate, presented to the Faculty of Arts of Paris, by J. - H. Mariéjol,…”; In-8°, 239 p.; Paris, Hatchet, 1887. Note n°: FRBNF30884465.
  • Mariéjol , Jean-Hippolyte (1855-1934): Spain under Ferdinand and Isabelle: the government, institutions and manners, by Jean-H. Mariéjol,… " ; n-8°, 359 p., fig.; Paris: joined together Bookstore-printing works, (1892) - Note n°: FRBNF30884460.
  • Nieves Olmedillas , Marie of mow: " Pedro Martir de Angliera there the mentalidad exoticista, Madris, 1974.
  • O' Gorman , Edmundo: " Cuatro historiadores of Indias: siglo XVI: Pedro Mártir de Anglería, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo there Valdés, Fray Bartolomé de Las Put, Joseph de Acosta/Edmundo O' Gorman" ; 251 p.; 17 cm; Mexico City: Secretaría de Educación Pública, 1972.
  • Passi , Carlo: " Relationi LED S. Pietro Martire Milanese. Delle thimble notabili beyond prouincia dell' Egitto scritte in lingua latina ale sereniss. di felice memoria Re catolici D. Fernando, E D. Isabella, & will hora recate nella italiana. Da Carlo Passi" ; , 71, C.; 8o. ; italiano; In Venetia; Bevilacqua: appresso Giorgio de' Caualli, 1564-IT \ ICCU \ BVEE \ 016013.

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