Pier Paolo Pasolini is a writer, scenario writer and director Italy N born the March 5th 1922 with Bologna, died in the night of the 1 {{er}} at November 2nd, 1975 on the beach of Ostie, close to Rome.

The truth is not in only one dream but in much of rêves.

Biography

Childhood and youth

First of the children of Carlo Alberto and Susanna Colussi, Pier Paolo is born in Bologna on March 5th, 1922. In 1923 the family, which lived then the town of Parma, moves with Conegliano because of the assignments Militaires of her father. His/her Guidalberto brother is born with Belluno in 1925.

In 1927 the Pasolini family moves again in Conegliano, where Pier Paolo is registered at the elementary school before its six years. The following year they move with Casarsa della Delizia, village of origin of his/her mother, because of the arrest of the father for gambling debts, his/her mother takes again her trade of teaching in order to facing the financial problems. The detention of the father finished, the removals are connected in an quasi-annual way. Pier Paolo spends his summers to Casarsa, “old borough… gray and immersed in deepest half-light of the rain, just populated antiques figures of farmers and rate/rhythm by the timeless sound of the bell”.

In 1929 the family moves with Sacile, always because of the work of the father, and in this year the young person Pier Paolo is discovered a passion for the Dessin and the Poésie, whose subjects are the spectacles of nature that it observes in Casarsa. After a short stay with Idrija, today in Slovenien territory , the family turns over to Sacile, where Pier Paolo passes the examination of admission to the gymnasium, and in Conegliano it begins its first year with the college. The father is transferred to Crémone in the middle of the school year 1932-1933; the family remains there until 1935 and another removal with Scandiano, which generates inevitable problems of adaptation. The young person Pier Paolo widens the extent of his poetic readings, cultivating his passion for the literature at the same time as the religious enthusiasm of its childhood decreases.

With the gymnasium of Reggio Emilia it meets the first true friend of its youth, Luciano Serra, that it will find the following year with the Galvani college of Bologna. In Bologna, where there will remain seven years (“Beautiful and soft Bologna! I spent there the seven years, perhaps most beautiful… ”), Pier Paolo cultivates new passions, whose calcio , and feeds its passion for the reading by buying books of occasion to the secondhand booksellers of the Portico della Morte . Its readings go from works of Dostoïevski, Tolstoï and Shakespeare with the romantic poets Coleridge and Novalis.

With the Galvani College it becomes acquainted with other friends, whose Ermes Parini, Franco Farolfi and Elio Meli, and create with them a literary newsgroup, while continuing brilliant studies: it obtains excellent notes, and in 1939, they are even if good that they enable him to jump a class and to pass the vat in Automne of the same year. And at only seventeen years, it is registered with the Faculty of Arts of the Université of Bologna. It discovers there new passions, of which the Romance Philologie and especially the esthetics of the representational arts.

He attends the cinéclub, where a cycle of films of Rene Clair impassions it; he devotes himself to the sport and becomes captain of the football team of the Faculty of Arts; he makes stroll in bicycle with his friends and attends the estival exits in Camping organized by the university. He often meets his friends - the group will be described “virile and warlike” - not only in the rooms of the university, but also in other places created by the fascistic mode for the youth, of which the Gruppo Universitario Fascista (GUF), camp-sites of the Milizia , and cultural tournaments oraganized in the area. At this period it reads the Occasioni of Montale, as well as works of Ungaretti and translations in Italian of the lyric poetries Greek, made by Quasimodo; separately poetry, it reads Freud and all that it can find Italian translated into .

Like each year, the Pasolini family spends the summer 1941 to Casarsa, where Pier Paolo writes poems which it sends to his friends bolognais with its letters, of which his/her friend Serra, like Francesco Leonetti and Roberto Roversi. These worms express a strong spirit of solidarity:

The spiritual unit is our unit manner to feel us important, we form already a group, and almost a new poetry; at least, I it crois.

The four young men think of founding a magazine called Eredi (“Heirs”), that Pasolini wishes to impregnate with a social program: “In front of Eredi we will have to be four, but by purity only one. ”

The magazine will never be born because of the governmental restrictions on paper, but the summer 1941 will remain engraved for always in the memory of the four friends.

It is at that time that Pasolini starts to write dialogs in Frioulan, even if the poetries sent to his/her friends remain written in Italian.

Its first literary experiments

Of return of Casarsa to the beginning of the autumn, he discovers how much the frioulan is due to him in heart. Last months of 1941 with the first of 1942 he writes worms which will be gathered in one little book called Poesie has Casarsa , published on account of author and then commented on by Gianfranco Contini (which will consider them good), Alfonso Gatto and the critic Antonio Russi.

He takes again a cultural life animated in Bologna, especially in the university, and, following good criticisms of Francesco Arcangeli on its paintings, he plans to write a thesis on the contemporary Italian art with Roberto Longhi, professor of Histoire of the art which had made him discover, through a course on the painters Masolino, Masaccio, Piero della Francesca and Caravage, which he will immediately connect with the cinema. Pasolini writes only the first chapters of its thesis before giving up and passing to another, more justifying for him, on the poetry of Giovanni Pascoli. The manuscript of its thesis on art will be lost on October 8th, 1943.

Pasolini rejoit the Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), a fascistic youth organization who wishes to create a cultural magazine called It Setaccio , of which it becomes Editor association rapidemement; he is thereafter in conflict with the Directeur of the publication, faithful to the rhetoric of the mode. Only seven numbers of the magazine are published, but this experiment marks the Pasolini young person in a positive way, thanks to it he includes/understands regressive and provincial nature Fascism and develops a point of view of Antifasciste.

The same year, he visits the Germany Nazi E during a voyage organized to support the meeting of university youths of the two fascistic countries. He initiates himself there then with the European culture which was hitherto unknown for him. On its return of voyage it publishes, in the review of the GUF, the article Cultura italiana E will cultura europea has Weimar (obviously escaped the Censure), which announces already Pasolini “corsair” and rebel. In the Setaccio it traces the principles of a cultural program whose pillars are the effort of self-awareness, interior, individual and collective work, and the critical sensitivity.

The war

At the end of 1942 the family decides to take refuge with the the Friuli, in Casarsa, famous quieter and sure, to await there the end of the war. It is over there, in 1943, that the young person Pier Paolo starts to include/understand the erotic fears which it had before tried to move away:

Constant a faintness without images and words which beat with my temples and me aveuglent.

It maintains the contact epistolary with his friends, to which it decides more anything to hide, telling all that arrives to him:

I want to be in Tagliamento, to launch there my gestures one after the other in the luminous cavity of the landscape. Tagliamento is long, long here. An enormous rock, ingenuous torrent like a skeleton. We arrived there yesterday by bicycle, young indigenous, with a native younger fore-mentioned Bruno…

The day before the Armistice of September 8th, it is called in the army. Obliged to enlist with Leghorn in 1943, the shortly after the armistice he disobeys the order to return his weapons to the Germans, and leaves to take refuge in Casarsa disguised as a peasant. Over there it forms, with some other impassioned young people of poetry, a cultural group which asserts the use of the Frioulan casarsan against the hegemony of that of Udine. The new group proposes to publish a magazine which would speak with its public while making promotion about poetry. The first number of the magazine leaves in May 1944 under the title Stroligùt di that da the aga (in frioulan: “Lunar, on this side of water” ).

During this time, the peace of Casarsa is put at evil by the bombardments and the raids of the fascists who practice enrôlement forced in new armed forces of the République of Salò, which causes, by reaction, the first resistant groups of . Pier Paolo tries to distract itself as much as possible, devoting itself to his studies and his poetry; meanwhile, it opens a small school at his place for the students who cannot any more join their schools with Pordenone or the gymnasium of Udine. In October 1944 Pier Paolo and its mother move with Versuta, which seems to be quieter and more far from the military targets, his/her Guido little brother, already joined to him the resistant ones of the Carnia. The children of the village must traverse more Kilomètre to go the school, because there is not in their village, Susanna and Pier Paolo decides to open in one, free, on their premises.

It is during this period that the Pasolini young person saw its first true love for one of the oldest students (“In these members shone an ingenuity, a grace… or the shade of a lost race who reaffirms themselves in adolescence”). At the same time, Kalč, a young person Slovenien violinist Fucked which had taken refuge with its family at Pasolini, fall in love with Pier Paolo. The love of Pier Paolo for the young man and the love of Fucked for him intermingle, painfully complicating the last and long months of the war.

February 7th, 1945 takes place, in Porzus in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the Massacre of Porzus: a militia of partisans procommunists massacres the Brigade Osoppo, a group of moderate partisans. Among the victims the brother of Pasolini is, Guido. This news arrives at Casarsa only a few weeks after the end of the war, plunging Pier Paolo and its mother in the distress. The courses continue nevertheless in the small school with Versuta, where Pier Paolo is regarded as a true professor.

February 18th of the same year sees the foundation of the Academiuta di lenga furlana , which gathers an small group of Poetae novi which, on the basis of experiment of Pasolini, found the principles of the regional Félibrisme: “Frioulanité absolute, Romance tradition, influence of the contemporary literatures, freedom, imagination. ”

In August, the first number of It Stroligùt is published, with a different classification to distinguish it from the precedent Stroligùt di that da the aga , appears at the same time, the series of the diarii in Italian worms published on account of author in a small volume. The same year, it joined the Associazione per the autonomia del Friuli , and after the return of his father, prisoner of the English to the Kenya, Pasolini presents his thesis, the Antologia beyond poesia pascoliana: introduzioni E commenti . With its diploma, the role of Pasolini as a director-teacher of the school, strongly disputed by the minister of education because not graduate, becomes official.

Post-war period

In 1946 leaves, gone back to 1945, a small collection of poems called I Diarii with the Edizioni dell' Accademiuta , and two poems selected and with accompanying notes by Montale in the magazine Florentin It Mondo . Insulated in Versuta - the house with Casarsa having been destroyed by the bombardments - Pasolini tries to rebuild its bonds with the literary world. He writes in Gianfranco Contini to present the project of transformation to him of He Stroligùt of simple folio into true magazine. Immediately after the visit with Versuta de Silvana Mauri, the sister of one of her friends, who is in love with him, it leaves in August for Macugnaga, where resides the Mauri family, and benefitting from the occasion, passes to Domodossola to see Contini.

With Lugano where was to be decreed the price Libera Stampa ; Contini, member of the Jury, solicits his young friend so that it sends the text to him that it had shown him, the usignolo della Chiesa cattolica , with the second part of It pianto beyond rosa . The Opérette receives only one special mention, but succeeds in leaving Pasolini its insulation, and thanks to the climate more slackened of the post-war period, it starts again has to leave with the young men Versuta. It goes to Rome in October, where it becomes acquainted with some arts persons who invite it to collaborate in the newspaper Will trust It Letteraria , and in May it starts to write the first pages of a Diary which it calls the Quaderni Rossi (“red books”) because written with the hand in books of schoolboys to the red cover. It supplements the drama It Cappellano in Italian and publishes, once again with the Edizioni dell' Academiuta , a collection of poetries, always in Italian, called I Pianti .

January 26th, 1947, Pasolini writes a declaration in the newspaper udinois Libertà which makes speak about him in the communist mediums, which contradicted its inscription in the Italian Communist party (NCV): “We, for our part, are convinced that only Communism is with measurement to provide a news “true” culture, a culture which will be moral, the interpretation of the whole existence. ”. After the war, Pasolini, which hesitated a long time between the two camps, observed the new requirements of justice born of the relationship between the chiefs and the most stripped and did not have any more a doubt as for the side where it was to be. He seeks to consolidate a first outline of doctrines by the reading of Karl Marx and especially of the first books of Antonio Gramsci. He writes with his friend, the poet Giovanna Bemporad:

The other is always infinitely less important than the me , but they are the different ones which makes the histoire.

And it is by thinking of the others that it makes the decision to adhere to the Communist party.

Pasolini wishes to prolong its collaboration with the magazine of Academiuta and the literatures néolatines; thanks to Contini it becomes acquainted with the Catalan poet in Exil, Carles Cardó. It in Contini that it sends the complete collections of its poetries in frioulan, still under the title of Cjants di a muart , is shortly after changed into the meglio gioventù . It however does not succeed in to make them publish; in spite of that, it feels happy and written with his friends: “I am serene and in prey with avid and a dionysiaque joy. ”.

Towards the end of 1948, it starts to teach the literature at the school of Valvasone, which it joined every morning with bicycle. It continues its activity within the NCV, taking part, in January, with the Manifestation organized in San Vito by the Camera LED lavoro to obtain the application of the bill Lodo De Gasperi . It is on this occasion that, observing the conflicts with the police force and speaking with the young people, he imagined a project of novel on this upset world. The first title of the novel will be the meglio gioventù . Always within the NCV, in February 1949 it takes part in the first congress of the Federazione comunista of Pordenone, and in May of the same year it leaves for Paris to attend the World congress of peace. In October, he is shown of diversion of minor and other obscene acts as a public; its political adversaries are delighted by the scandal and reproach him its Homosexualité while the leaders of the NCV of Udine decide to exclude it from the party. The exercise of teaching is also prohibited to him.

Follow two months extremely difficult for Pasolini, which in January 1950 takes refuge in Rome with his/her mother. The first weeks in Rome are difficult for the young person Pier Paolo, who pains to find work. While he seeks to give private courses, he is registered with the Syndicat Cinecittà and offers himself as a relector of a newspaper. He succeeds in publishing some articles in some catholic newspapers, and continuous to write the novels which he started with the the Friuli: Atti impuri , Amado me , the meglio gioventù . It starts to write Ragazzi and some Roman works, of which Squarci di notte Romance , Gas E Giubileo , who will be published in the collection Alì dagli occhi azzurri . It is grace his/her new friend Sandro Penna, from which it is inseparable and with which it walks the night along the the Tiber, that it makes the knowledge of the young plasterer Sergio Citti, which teaches him the Argot and the Roman Dialecte, becoming, as Pasolini will say it, its “alive Dictionnaire”. It composes during this time poetries which will be joined together in Roma 1950 - Diario , published in 1960 by Scheiwiller. He is engaged as teacher at a not yet recognized school of Ciampino. During the summer it publishes its tale It Ferrobedò in the review Paragone , which became a chapter of Ragazzii di vita , as well as the short poem Appennino , which opens the cenere di Gramsci and other Roman tales. At that time it becomes acquainted with Giorgio Caproni, Carlo Emilio Gadda and finds Attilio Bertolucci, raises, like him, of Longhi to Bologna, thanks to which it signs its first leading contract for its Antologia beyond poesia dialettale del Novecento , which leaves in December 1952 with a comment Eugenio Montale.

In 1953, it starts to work on an anthology of popular poetry for the editions Guanda of his friend Bertolucci, who leaves in 1955 pennies the title Canzoniere italiano . Meanwhile, it publishes the first volume of worms frioulans, Tal còur di a frut . In October of the same year it publishes in the review Paragone another anticipation of the future Ragazzi di vita , that Bertolucci will show in Livio Garzanti, which published then the novel.

First cinematographic experiments and literary publications

Its first work in the field of the Cinéma relates to the writing (in March 1954), with his/her friend Giorgio Bassani, of the Scénario of the Girl of the river , film of Mario Soldati. the meglio gioventù , its book of poetry in frioulan, is published in June of the same year. Dedicated to Gianfranco Contini, it gains the price Carducci equal with Paolo Volponi. Vittorio Sereni proposes to him to publish a collection of poetry for the series of books of the editor Meridiana of which he is the editor with Sergio Solmi. This collection leaves in January 1955 under the title It canto popolare , which is then mingled with its work the ceneri di Gramsci .

The Pasolini April 13rd, 1955 sends the complete manuscript of Ragazzi to the Garganti editor. The novel leaves the same year, but the topic chosen, that of the male Prostitution, is worth charges of obscenity to him. In spite of the intervention of some critical, whose Emilio Cecchi, Asor Rosa and Carlo Salinari, the charges will be wild, drawing aside it from the Prix Strega and Viareggio. However the novel is a great success near the public, offering the Colombi-Gudotti price to him on behalf of a jury chaired by Giuseppe de Robertis, with Parma. Meanwhile, the Magistrat of Milan receives a complaint against the book, for “pornographic character ”.

October 28th, 1955 his/her old friend Francesco Leonetti writes to him, saying that it is time to create a new review. He announces what will be shortly after Officina , magazine in the mobility of the precedent Eredi . The project of the magazine, launched by Leonetti and Roberto Roversi, is formulated this year with the course several go that Pasolini never misses.

Always in 1955, leaves its anthology popular poetry, Canzoniere italiano , with a dedication with his/her Guido younger brother. In July, Pasolini goes to Ortisei with Giorgio Bassani to work on the scenario of a film of Luis Trenker. It is the period when start to develop its parallel passions, the cinema and the literature. Written Pasolini with Contini:

I advance in parallel on two ways, worms of new stations. I am not horrified like would be the poor arts persons here, in Rome: I feel a little héroïsme.

Polemics and denunciations

During this time, the polemic caused by the criticism of Ragazzi continuous. Pasolini publishes, in the April issue of of Officina , an article against Salinari and Trombatore, which write for the Contemporaneo .

In July is held, in Milan, the lawsuit against Ragazzi , which is concluded with a payment, mainly thanks to the testimony of Carlo Bo. Bo declares that the book is rich in values religious “because he encourages piety among poorest and stripped” and that he does not contain anything obscene because “the dialogs are dialogs of young people, and the author felt the need for representing them as such”.

Scenario writer and writer

In August he writes the scenario of film of Mauro Bolognini, Marisa the civetta ; at the same time, he collaborates with Federico Fellini on the Nights of Cabiria .

Alternating its work of scenario writer with that of writer, he writes, for this period, of criticisms in the Hebdomadaire He Punto (first draft of Bufera of Montale), and he helps the young writers of Officina , like Arbasino, Sanguineti, and Alfredo Giuliani, which will emerge then as members of the Gruppo 63 .

He is made new friendly, of which Laura Betti, Adriana Asti, Enzo Siciliano and Ottiero Ottieri.

Inspired by the political and ideological events of the moment (whose {{XXe}} congress of the Communist party of the Soviet Union, which announces the end of the Stalinist era , highlighting the events in Poland and Hungary), 1956 is the year of the final version of the book the ceneri di Gramsci and sees the first small outline of the novel a life forces .

The manuscript of Ceneri di Gramsci , composed of eleven short poems written between 1951 and 1956, is sent to the editors Garzanti in August 1957. This work causes, just like Ragazzi , a strong criticism but remains popular near the public, which exhausts the first edition in 15 days. It gains the price Viareggio in August of the same year, equal with Poesie , of Sandro Penna.

Italo Calvino had already expressed, with hard words, its opinion on the conflicts of interest of some critical Marxists, supporting that for the first time “in a way extraordinarily successful, a conflict of ideas, cultural problems and morals in front of a concession in the socialist world come to be expressed in a great poetic composition. ”

Pasolini collaborates in Vie Nuove in July as a special guest and goes to the Festival of youth to Moscow while the editor Longanesi publishes the worms of the usignolo della Chiesa cattolica . He works much on a life forces , he writes its first scenario without collaboration, the vita faced , and collaborates with Bolognini on Giovani mariti .

It finishes to write a life forces in December 1958 and gives it to Garzanti in March of the following year. After a long work of “self-censorship” made necessary especially because of a part considered “dangerous” by the editor, the book leaves in May 1959. It obtains neither the Viareggio price nor the Strega price. However, being appreciated and being estimated by a group of arts persons, it obtains the Crotona price of a jury made up of Ungaretti, Debenedetti, Moravia, Gadda and Bassani.

During the be it goes on a journey throughout the Italian coast for a report for the monthly magazine Successo ; it written three chapters there of what will become the lunga strada di sabbia . It translates Orestie of Eschyle for the company of theater of Vittorio Gassman and rearranges the worms of religione LED me tempo .

During this time, the Azione Cattolica the attack in justice for “obscenity” in a life forces , lawsuit which will immediately be classified without continuation.

Its first film: Accattone

In 1960 Pasolini starts to write the first drafts of the book of Essai S Passione E ideologia , arranges the worms of religione LED me tempo , and especially, is dedicated to its love for the cinema by writing the scenarios of That occurred to Rome from Bolognini, It carro armato dell' 8 settembre of Gianni Puccini, the lunga notte LED '43 of Florestano Vancini (according to the novel of Bassani), and the Beautiful Antonio , of the novel of Vitaliano Brancati.

It has at the head a project to write a film which would be called the commare secca , but the events of this July concerning the fall of the Gouvernement Tambroni make him put this project on side to work on Accattone .

His/her friend Bolognini finds a producer to him, Alfredo Bini, to which Pasolini explains how he wants that the film is made: with much of foregrounds, prevalence of the characters on the landscapes and, especially, a great simplicity. The protagonist will be Franco Citti, brother of Sergio. Federico Fellini, for which he had written a scene of the dolce vita , assistance to turn two sequences of film.

June 30th of the same year, Pasolini is attacked in justice by the police force for complicity in a crime. It would have taken two young people of Trastevere in the car after a brawl to which these young people would have taken share. He is discharged, but eagerness on behalf of others to attack it thus leaves him a bitter taste:

It is cruelty; that which is struck is taken of a deep pain; that gives the impression of a completely incomprehensible world to him where it is useless to speak, to impassion itself for something, to discuss; that gives the impression of a company to him where, to survive, one can only become cruel, to answer cruelty by cruelty… Admittedly, which I must pay is particularly heavy, sometimes I am desperate, I say it to you sincèrement.

Always in 1960, two volumes of its worms are published: Roma 1950 - Diario and Sonnetto primaverile . Before the New year 1961, he travels in India with Moravia and Elsa Morante, voyage from which he draws a series from articles for the newspaper He Giorno , and who will form to some extent his book the odor of India . In May is published the collection religione LED me tempo , very snuffed of his/her friend Franco Fortini, who writes to him: “I will want that you would be there to be able to clasp you in my arms. ”.

The turning of Accattone starts in April and the film is presented to the Mostra of Venice in September. He is not particularly appreciated by the Italian critic, but receives praises with Paris, in particular of Marcel Carné and André Chamson.

The years 1960

In autumn 1961, it goes in the Villa of a friend to write, with Sergio Citti, the scenario of Mamma Roma ; turning is done in spring 1962, with like protagonist Anna Magnani.

Meanwhile, it finishes its novel in frioulan, It sogno di una cosa , which is published in May, and between April and June it works on the turning of Mamma Roma , which is presented to Mostra of Venice, where it gains one big hit.

In September of the same year, Pasolini takes part in a conference with the citadel of Assise, where it at the time of reading the Évangile according to Matthieu. From this reading is born the idea from a film. Meanwhile, he works, with the Bini producer like Roberto Rossellini, Jean-Luc Godard and Ugo Gregoretti, on a serial film. It is on this occasion that he thinks of making a Short-measuring on a cinematographic rebuilding of the Passion of the Christ, written during the turning of Mamma Roma under the title of the Ricotta . The film leaves in rooms on March 1st, 1963, accommodated by a not very enthusiastic public. The very same day of its exit, he is shown of “insult to the religion of State”. Alberto Moravia will say some:

The charge was that of insult to the religion. Much just would have been to show the realizer to have insulted the values of small and average the Bourgeoisie italienne.

The lawsuit, held in Rome March 6th and 7th, condemns Pasolini to four months of reclusion to have been “guilty of the offenses which one shows it”, the film is confiscated until December of the same year.

However, it continues to remain in contact with the citadel of Sitted and in February it begins philological research and historical to carry out the project of film on the Gospels.

With the biblical expert gift Andrea Carraro and a group of technicians, it travels in Israel and Jordan to find the places and the people there adapted to the turning of film. The scenario writer is disappointed by the too apparent modernity of the landscapes and gives up locating his film at it, but the image filmeds on the spot become, under the impulse of the producer Alfredo Bini, a film halfway between the notebook of voyage and the interior reflection: “Locations in Palestine”. The film was then made in the south of Italy, still poor and antiquated.

But the actor most difficult to find is that which will incarnate Christ, with which Pasolini wishes to give a strong pace and décisive.
After seekhaving sought it among poets, whose Evtusenko, Ginsberg and Goytisolo, it finds by chance a Spanish student with the proud and detached aspect, such that painted by Goya.

During the preparations for film, Pasolini carries out an film-investigation into the sexual life of Italian, Comizi of amore . It starts to write Divine Mimésis , It Vantone , a romantic rewriting of the Miles gloriosus of Plaute, and, on request for Vittorini, it presents some of its poetries in the review Menabò and the Notizia known Amelia Rosselli .

In May 1964 it publishes its fourth collection of Italian worms, Poesia in formed di rosa , and on April 24th it begins the turning of the Évangile according to Mathieu , who concludes himself at the beginning from the summer. The film, presented to the Mostra of Venice in September, is repressed by the intellectuals of left, among them Sciascia and Fortini. The film is presented to Paris and is badly accommodated there by several criticisms of left, of which Jean-Paul Sartre. But the film, left in all the European countries , is a great success near the public and takes part in PRIMA will mostra internazionale LED nuovo cinema , with Pesaro. Pasolini meets Roland Barthes there.

In October 1965 begins the turning of the film birds, small and large , which speaks about the internal political crisis of the Italian Communist party and the Marxisme “ideocomic”. The selected actors are Totò and the young person Ninetto Davoli. Totò is selected because the film, which alternates between reality and the Surréalisme, needs an actor who is a little esque Clown.

It is in November of the same year which the narrative collection with a title suggested by Sartre leaves, Alì agli occhi azzurri , whose medium contains the scenarios of the Boys , Accattone , Mamma Roma and the ricotta while the first and last parts are tales written in the years 1950, as well as outlines of the novels It Rio beyond grana and Mortaccia .

This year, 1965, it is invited to direct, with Moravia and Alberto Carrocci (directing of Solaria), the new series of the magazine Nuovi Argumenti . To the end of the year, he travels in North Africa after having considered a new film with Totò and realization of a lyric Opéra in Piccola Scala.

Already reached of a Ulcer, in March 1966 he sees himself confined to bed because of strong a Hémorragie. It is the occasion to quietly read again the Dialogs of Plato, which encourage it to write a Play in a style similar to the Prose. Its finished convalescence, it works on Bestemmia , a novel in the form of scenario and towards, and starts to work on Orgia and Bestia da stile . Between May and June he also works on some dramas which he wants to present abroad.

May 3rd, Of the birds, small and large is a great success with the Cannes festival. The positive opinion of Roberto Rossellini during a press conference arouses an lively interest for film.

Between the spring and the summer of 1966 he writes the scenario of the film Théorème and Oedipus king , as well as the dramas Piliade, Porcile and Caldéron . In August it goes to New York; during its stay he thinks of making a film on Saint Paul in this city. He meets Allen Ginsberg there, as well as the following year, with Milan.

At the beginning of October it goes to the Morocco to study there the places of turning of Oedipus king and in November it turns a short-measuring called will terra It Vista beyond luna (with Silvana Mangano, Totò and Ninetto Davoli).

Of does return to Morocco, it carry out, in only one week, the turning of short-measuring Che cosa sound system the nuvole? .

In April it begins the turning of Oedipus king in the red Désert of the south of Morocco, which continues, for some scenes, on the plain of Lodi and finally at the town of Bologna. The film, presented to Mostra of Venice the same year, is not a great success in Italy but receives the favors of the public and criticism in France and with the Japan.

In the same year, he writes tests of theory and techniques of the cinematography which will be collected in a volume in 1972 pennies the title Empirismo eretico .

In March 1968 is published the novel Théorème , is transformed into film and is presented to Mostra of Venice the same year, gaining there the second price of the cinematographic career of Pasolini, the Prix Ocic. Jean Renoir attends the first and declares with a Journaliste: “With each image, each plan, one feels the disorder of an artist. ”.

The polemic of the young people soixante-huitards

After the Battle of Valle Giulia, conflict between the young people and the police force, which had occupied in a preventive way Roman faculty of Architecture, Pasolini writes the poem It NCV have giovani!! . Intended to be published in the magazine Nuovi Argomenti , it leaves without notice in Espresso , starting a strong polemic. In the Pasolini poem rises against the young people, saying to them that their revolution is false because they are Bourgeois conformists, instruments of the new middle-class.

I passed my life to hate the old middle-class man moralists, it is thus normal that I must hate their children, also… The middle-class puts the barricades against itself, the children with dad revolt against their dads . Half of the students do not make any more the Revolution but the civil war. They are of the middle-class men just like their parents, they have a direction légalitaire life, they are deeply conformists. For us, born with the idea of the Revolution, there would be worthy to remain faithful to this idéal.

The poem is instrumentalisé by some at their ends, not included/understood by others; it, still today, is very quoted to underline different ideas, its forgotten author.

Espresso publishes a “roundtable” a few weeks after the publication of the poem, roundtable in which Pasolini takes part.

The same year, Pasolini turns sequenza LED fiore di carta with Ninetto Davoli, on the evangelic Parabole of the sterile Figuier, which leaves the following year, in 1969, as a third episode of the film Amore E rabbia .

The end of the year 1960: between the theater and the cinema

It publishes meanwhile, in Nuovi Argomenti , a test called Manifesto per a nuovo teatro , in which it declares its refusal complete of the theater Italian, and a negative criticism of the work of Dario Fo.

November 27th its play Orgia is played Teatro Stabile di Torino , work which will be badly received by the public and the critic.

At the end of 1968 it begins the turning of Porcherie , which is an example of its metahistoric period , having like subject the Volcan Etna. It had the idea of film in 1965 after having seen Simone nel deserto of Luis Buñuel. The scenes being held in the present were turned to Villa Pisana, in the town of Stra.

After Porcile , which it describes like its “film more successful, at least outside”, it carries out Médée , choosing as main actor the singer Maria Callas. The film is made in Cappadoce, with Grado and Pisa.

During the post-production of film he travels in Africa and visits the Uganda and the Tanzania. He seeks the places there where to make its next film, Notebook for Orestie African .

Porcile is shown with the Mostra of Venice on August 30th and is considered to be dreadful and incomprehensible there.

The triptych of the life

During the summer 1970 he writes scenarios based on ten novels, the majority tragicomic, like the Décaméron, which he transposes in the Neapolitan medium. He decides to carry out three of them to compose the “trilogy of the life”: Décaméron , Tales of Canterbury and Thousand and One Nights . In September, it starts to turn the first scenes to Caserta Vecchia with Ser Ciappelletto, like with Naples and Merano. It is the first time that the naked body of a man in his films appears. “The body: here is a ground which the capacity did not conquer yet. ”

Meanwhile one proposes to him to publish under the title Bestemmia all his poetries, of the first little book in frioulan published in 1942, with new volume Trasumanar E organizzar .

The years 1970

To the beginning of the year 1971 it turns a Documentaire entitled December 12th , with the collaboration of some members of Lotta Continua , on the Attentat of the piazza Fontana. In March he becomes director of the publication of this labor movement. In April it is shown of “instigation to make offenses and apology for crime”, but it does not seem to be worried some and written:

I of insane if they put to me in prison. It is something which does not have importance for me: for me that would not make any difference, especially from an economic standpoint. If I finish in prison, I will be able to read all the books that hitherto I would not dare lire.

During this time, he writes a criticism of Satura with Montale, and in April leaves its last collection poetries, Trasumar E organizzar , which is accommodated by inattentive readers and critics. He writes the scenario for the Tales of Canterbury while its film Décaméron gains the second price with the Berlinale on June 28th.

In 1972, its collection of tests, Empirismo eretico , is accommodated with indifference by criticisms. It continues to work on its novel, Pétrole , for which it already wrote more than five hundred pages; it thinks of working there “perhaps for the remainder of my life”.

After the nine weeks that lasts the turning of the Contes of Canterbury , film made in England, and without very waiting as this film left in room, it starts to write the scenario of last film of its trilogy. It makes several air recognitions in Egypt, with the Yemen, in Iran, India and Érythrée.

Collaboration with the newspapers and the magazines

In November it starts to collaborate with the weekly magazine Tempo illustrato , dealing with literary criticisms which will leave later in form book under the title Descrizioni di descrizioni .

At the beginning of 1973 it agrees to work for the Corriere beyond Will be . Its first article is published on January 7th to with it. Called Contro I cappelli lunghi (“Against the long hair”), it is the first of a series of interventions in the policy fields and the mode, as well as public and private behavior of Italian. These articles will be published in volume Scritti corsari .

Documentary and plays

Begin meanwhile the turning of Thousand and One Nights with Ispahan in Iran. Work proceeds in a fast and precise way; Pasolini also manages to turn documentary: Walls of Sanatorium , which wants to be a call to UNESCO to save the Yemeni antique city.

In September two plays, Caldéron and Affabulazione leave.

With the end of the year Pasolini already at the head has a project for a new film, with the provisional title Porn-teo-kolossal , whose Eduardo De Filippo should be one of the protagonists.

Thousand and One Nights leaves in room at the beginning of 1974 and is a great success in spite of the opinion of criticisms.

Tests

During the summer he adds a long postscript to his drama in worms, Bestia da stile :

Italy is a country which becomes increasingly stupid and ignoramus. Rhetorics always increasingly unbearable there are cultivated. There is not worse conformism that of left, especially, naturally, when it is adopted by the droite.

He writes also other texts, whose the nuova gioventù , and publishes, after the Référendum on the Divorce, the article Gli italiani not sound system più quelli .

1974 and 1975

Radical evil

Being interested in a project of film on the Marquis de Sade, it starts to study in an intense way the Kantian concept of “radical evil”, which reduces whole humanity in slaves of the Consumérisme, which corrupts by handling the heart and the body. To explain this design radical Böse world, Pasolini analyzes its personal case and describes its anguish:

Homosexual, today in Italy, one makes it sing, his life is in danger all the nuits.

January 19th the Corriere beyond Will be publishes its article Sono contro the aborto (“I am against the Avortement”), who cause a sharp polemic.

It finishes the scenario of It padre selvaggio , film ever carried out, in early February, and in the middle of the same month it starts to turn Salò, or the 120 days of Sodome in the area of Mantoue.

He writes some articles for the weekly magazine He Mondo , which will belong to posthumous volume Lettere luterane .

In May its book Écrits corsairs leaves, which collects all the articles that he wrote for the Corriere beyond Will be from January 7th, 1974 to February 18th, 1975, with a section “Documents bound”, in which critics are added that he writes for the weekly magazine Tempo from June 10th to October 22nd, 1974.

Always in May, he sees the exit of his novel the nuova gioventù , and during the summer he works on the turning of Salò .

The trilogy of the life

In October the scenarios leave the Trilogie of the life , with an introduction of some pages called Abiura beyond trilogia , and it gives the final manuscript of Divine Mimésis to Einaudi.

It leaves to Stockholm for a meeting to the Italian Institute culture the city, then in Paris to read again the French translation of Salò . October 31st it is of return to Rome.

The last beach

Its end is at the same time similar to its works and very different from them. Similar because it had already described, in its works, crasseuses and atrocious manners, and different because it was not one of its characters but a central figure of our culture, a poet which had marked one time, a realizer shining, an essay writer inépuisable. (Alberto Moravia)

In the night of 1st at November 2nd, 1975, Pasolini is killed in a brutal way with blows of stick and is crushed with its own car on the beach of Ostie, close to Rome. The Homicide is allotted to a young 17 years Roman male prostitute, Giuseppe Pelosi, which quickly declares the only person in charge of died of Pier Paolo. Pelosi is condemned for murder to the first degree. In December 1976 its sorrow is confirmed by the Court of Appeal.

Pelosi is claimed guilty of the crime until May 2005, when, during an interview for television, he affirms not to have killed Pasolini, informant whom the homicide was made by three other people. It does not give the names of supposed fatal, saying only that they had sicilian accents . He adds that the reason for which he hid the truth a long time is that it feared for the safety of his family.

The circumstances of died of Pasolini are not clear. Contradictions in the declarations of the murderer, an intervention on behalf of the secret services during the investigation, of the dead ends and not very coherent testimonys are all of the factors which - as the friends of Pasolini (particularly Laura Betti) often said it - let plane great doubts.

Homages

• In the film Diary (1993) of Nanni Moretti, one sees Moretti skirting the beach of Ostie on its Vespa and stopping in front of the place of the homicide, with like basic music the Köln Concert of Keith Jarrett.
• Lament per the dead of Pasolini , song written by Giovanna Marini in December 1975, a popular oral narration, in the style of the extra-liturgical hymn abruzze, the orazione di San Donato .
• Una storia sbagliata (1980), song written by Fabrizio De André and Massimo Bubola.
• has Pa' , of Francesco De Gregori ( Scacchi E tarocchi , 1985).
• In the film I magi randagi (1996), of Sergio Citti, one sees a woman leaving the place of the murder of Pasolini.
• Film written and carried out by Mario Orchard, Pasolini requiem , at the time of the thirtieth birthday of its death.
• the realizers Daniele Ciprì and Franco Maresco dedicated a short-measuring called Arruso in Pasolini.

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