Philippe Ier de Hesse
Philippe 1st of Hesse , known as the Magnanime (November 13rd 1504 - March 31st 1567), was Landgrave of Hesse of 1518 with 1567.
Biography
It was described by its contemporaries like a man gifted and equipped with a great intelligence, but of a haughty and egoistic nature.
It was one of the major actors of the Réforme and an active craftsman of the Renaissance in Germany.
It succeeded his father in 1509, being old only five years, his/her mother ensured regency and was proclaimed major at 14 years. Its education was imperfect, its formation moral and religious were neglected. In spite of that, it quickly appeared a true statesman, it started to take certain measurements in order to increase its authority.
Its first meeting with Martin Luther took place in 1521, the landgrave was immediately attracted by the personality of the reformer, in spite of his little of interests for the religious questions. Into 1524 it converts with Protestantism after a personal alliance with the theologist and professor Philippe Melanchthon.
The May 15th 1525 it gained the Bataille of Frankenhausen over Thomas Müntzer. He refused to adhere to the league anti-Lutheran of Georges of Saxony in 1525. With Gotha, it signed a treaty of alliance with the voter Jean I {{er}} of Saxony (1468-1532) protecting all the Protestant princes. It joint the policy with the religion, as of 1526 it prevented the election of the archduke Ferdinand de Habsbourg (future Ferdinand I {{er}} of the Holy roman Empire). With the meeting of Speyer in 1526, Philippe Ier de Hesse supported the Protestant cause openly making possible preachings.
Philippe Ier de Hesse determined the organization of the Church Lutheran according to the Protestant principles. In that, it was helped by its chancellor Feige de Lichtenau and its chaplain Adam Kraft, but also by the ex-franciscain François Lambert of Avignon.
The activities against the progression of the Reform of the bishops of Würzburg and of the bishops of Mainz, the combination of several circumstances, including the rumors of war convinced Philippe Ier de Hesse of the existence of a secret league among the catholic princes. It was consolidated in its suspicions by an adventurer employed in various important missions by Georges of Saxony, this conspirator German named Otto von Parck. Martin Luther and the chancellor convinced of the existence of this league advised in Philippe Ier de Hesse, the action.
The joined together imperial authority with Speyer prohibits any infringement with peace and, after long negotiations, Philippe Ier de Hesse succeeds in extorting funds covering the expenditure for the armament of the dioceses of Würzburg, Bamberg and Mainz. Despite everything for Philippe Ier de Hesse, the businesses arised badly, in spring 1529 during the second meeting of Speyer it was completely ignored by the emperor Charles Quint. Nevertheless it took an active share in the union of the Protestant representatives, in the preparation of the protest presented to Speyer.
Before leaving the town of Speyer, Philippe Ier de Hesse succeeds in the April 22nd 1529 finding an arrangement secret between the Saxony, the Hesse, Nuremberg, Strasbourg and Ulm.
Philippe Ier de Hesse made come in Germany the chief from the Swiss Reform Ulrich Zwingli.
He pushed back several foreign invasions, repressed the Anabaptistes in 1525, and signed in 1530 the confession of Augsburg: he was since also one of the chiefs of the league of the Protestant princes of Smalkade. He created the first Protestant university in 1527 with Marbourg, this university was intended for the teaching of Protestant theology.
He was overcome by Charles-Quint with Muhlberg in 1547, was four years retained captive by this prince, and died in 1567.
With died of Philippe Ier de Hesse the landgravat of Hesse-Cassel was divided between its four sons:
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Hesse-Marburg returned to its second wire Louis III or Louis IV of Hesse
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Hesse-Rheinfels returned to its third wire Philippe de Hesse
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Hesse-Darmstadt returned to its fourth wire Georges de Hesse
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Hesse-Cassel returned to its first wire Guillaume IV of Hesse-Cassel
Family
Wire of Guillaume II of Hesse and Anne de Mecklembourg-Schwerin.
The December 11th 1523 it married Christine of Saxony (dead in 1549), (girl of Georges of Saxony). Ten children were born from this union:
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Agnes de Hesse (1527 - 1555), in 1541 it married Maurice of Saxony, widow it married in 1555 Jean-Frederic II of Saxony (1529 - 1595)
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Anne de Hesse (1529 - 1591), in 1544 it married the Count Palatine Wolfgang of Bavaria (death in 1569)
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Guillaume IV of Hesse (1532 - 1592), landgrave of Hesse-Cassel
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Barbara de Hesse (1536 - 1597), in 1555 it married Georges Ier of Wurtemberg, in 1568 it married the count Daniel von Waldeck-Wildungen (death in 1577)
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Elisabeth de Hesse (1539 - 1582), in 1560 it married the Count Palatine Louis VI von Simmern (death in 1583)
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Georges I {{er}} of Hesse-Darmstadt (1547 - 1596), landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, it founded the second branch of the House of Hesse
Always married to Christine of Saxony, Philippe Ier de Hesse married morganatiquement the March 4th 1540 Marguerite von der Saale (1522 - 1566). Last nine children were born from this union:
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Marguerite zu Diest (1544 - 1608), countess, in 1567 it married the count Hans Bernard d' Eberstein, in 1577 it married the count Etienne Henri d' Everstein
Internal bonds
See too
- List of the sovereigns of Hesse
Source
Enwikipedia.org
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