Philippe IV of France , known as Philippe Beautiful the , (1268 - November 29th 1314), is king de France of 1285 with 1314, eleventh king of the Dynastie of the direct Capétiens.

Biography

Childhood

Born in 1268 with Fontainebleau, he is the son of the king Philippe III of France (Philippe the Bold one) (1245 - 1285) and of his first wife Isabelle d' Aragon (1247 - 1271).

Personality

It has like tutor Guillaume d' Ercuis, former young person Aumônier of his father. Called by its enemies just like by its admirors the " marble " king; or " the Fer " King; , he dissociates himself by his Personnalité rigid and severe. One of its more savage opponents, the bishop of Pamiers Bernard Saisset, known as besides of him: “It is neither a man nor an animal. It is a statue”. Philippe the Beautiful one was a king who raised during his reign much polemics, the pope Boniface VIII treating it for example “false coiner”.

Marriage and descent

The August 14th 1284, Philippe marries at the 16 years age Jeanne I {{Re}} of Navarre, (queen of Navarre of 1274 with 1305) what confers the title of king to him de Navarre (Philippe Ier) of 1284 with 1305.

From this union are born seven children:

Cleansing of finances of the Kingdom

To cleanse the Finance S of the kingdom, to buy the Quercy with the English against a revenue of 3.000 books, it attacks those which have money, including the monks of which the Catholic church, the Lombard S, the Juif S and the Templiers.

To obtain the passage of the French Army in order to evacuate the Guyenne, Philippe gives his sister, Marguerite de France in marriage with the king Edouard I {{er}} of England, and promises his own daughter, Isabelle de France, with the son resulting from the preceding union, (the future king Edouard II of England).

Conflict of being able with the Pope

The reign of Philippe the Beautiful one is marked by its disagreements with the Pape Boniface VIII, whose Décrétale Clericis laicos of the February 24th 1296 is the starting point. Boniface VIII, which has other concerns then (conflicts with the Aragonese of Sicily and the Colonna) is in the embarrassment, and, in spite of its haughty nature, yields soon. The bubble S Romana MATER (February 1297) and Etsi of statu (July 1297) give the king win. This last document contains a formal renunciation of the claims emitted for the defense of the ecclesiastical goods against the Arbitraire of the kings in the Décrétale Clericis laicos .

However, in 1300, by the bubble Unam Sanctam , Boniface VIII declares the superiority of the Spiritual power on the Temporal power, and by this skew the superiority of the Pape on the King S, the latter being responsible in front of the chief for the Church. In fact, it tries to found a Théocratie Occident ale.

Philippe the Beautiful one joins together a Concile bishop S of France to condemn the Pape and also brings together assemblies the noble ones and of middle-class men with Paris (precursory of the General states who appear for the first time under his reign). The king seeks the support of all his subjects, in order to legitimate the fight which it carries out against the pope. This last threatens to excommunicate him and to throw the interdict on the Royaume of France.

The legist S falsify the bubble to make it abusive to the civil capacity and the France. Extremely support of the population and ecclesiastics, the king sends his adviser then (and future Minister of Justice) the knight Guillaume de Nogaret with a small escort armed towards the Italy, with an aim of stopping the Pape and of making it judge by a Concile. Nogaret is soon joined by a personal enemy of Boniface VIII, Sciarra Colonna, member of the Roman Noblesse , which indicates to him that the pope took refuge with Anagni in Italy.

Nogaret and Colonna arrives at Anagni and finds the pope alone in the big room of the episcopal palate, given up by its partisans. Old the 68 year old man sat on a high seat, out of dress of ceremony, and does not react to the irruption of the armed troop. By seeing Guillaume de Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna to approach, it inclines the head slightly and declares: " Here my head, here my Tiara: I will die, certainly, but I will die Pape " . Guillaume de Nogaret moves back, impressed, while Sciarra Colonna, in her hatred of Boniface VIII, advances insolently and gives him a Gifle with its gantelet of iron.

This enormous Scandale splashes Philippe the Beautiful one, although it of it is not directly responsible, but those which did not know it yet, understand that it is not to be better opposed to king de France. This one finds besides in the person of new the Pape Clément V, successor of Boniface, a personality much more malleable than it holds under his capacity. Clement V of French origin , is installed by Philippe the Beautiful one with Avignon in the south of the France and will be of an invaluable help to destroy the Ordre of the Temple.

Destruction about the Temple

Friday October 13rd 1307, Templiers is put in Prison then tortured to make them admit the Hérésie in their order. The Master of the Order, Jacques de Molay perishes on the Bûcher, with Paris in 1314. It is during its execution, whereas Jacques de Molay burns, that it would have uttered its famous Malédiction, exploited by the writer French Maurice Druon in his Historical novel in seven volumes the cursed Kings:

Actually, according to Geoffroy of Paris, chronicler of the time, the curse is:

A succession of misfortunes touches then the royal family capétienne, of which most famous remainder the business of the two adulterous daughters-in-law of the king (business of the tower of Nesle). Marguerite of Burgundy, capétienne, girl of the duke Robert II of Burgundy (1248 - 1306) and of Agnes of France (1260 - 1325), Jeanne of White Burgundy and of Burgundy, both girls of the count Othon IV of Burgundy and of the countess Mahaut d' Artois, respectively marry the kings Louis X of France, Philippe V of France and Charles IV of France, the three wire of Philippe the Beautiful one.

Scandal of succession

In April 1314, year even of died of Philippe the Beautiful one, large a Scandale bursts: Marguerite of Burgundy, wife of Louis X of France already King de Navarre (by his/her mother, Jeanne Anger of Navarre) and White of Burgundy, woman of Charles (future Charles IV '' Beautiful the ''), is denounced by Isabelle de France (girl of Philippe the Beautiful one and Queen of England) in the Affaire of the tower of Nesle. They would have misled their husbands shameless with two brothers: Philippe and Gauthier d' Aunay, both knights of the royal hotel.

The two lovers are judged and condemned for Crime of injures majesty, they are carried out on the field in public place with Pontoise: cut up alive, their distinct sex and jeté with the dogs, they are finally decapitated, their trailed bodies then hung by the armpits with the Gibet. Such a Cruauté is explained by the affront made with the royal family, but also for attack at the institutions of the kingdom: this act puts in danger the Dynastie capétienne and the Royaume of France. Which would have been the legitimacy and the authority of a future sovereign which one could have questioned royal paternity?

The implications Politique S are so serious that the Châtiment must be exemplary. Marguerite of Burgundy is condemned to be mowed and is led in a covered black cloth carriage to Castle-Strapping man. Occupying a cell open to all winds at the top of the Keep, she dies there in 1315 (some say that she was strangled, its conditions of imprisonment do not question a death of wear).

Blanche of Burgundy is also mowed but profits from a “preferential treatment”: she is imprisoned under ground during seven years, then obtains the authorization to take the dress of nun. Woman of the junior, and not of the future king de France (at least it is what one believes, since her husband will become the king Charles IV '' Beautiful the '' in 1322), Blanche thus has a treatment less cruel than his/her cousin. She becomes queen of France in prison the February 21st until its marriage is cancelled the May 19th by the Pape Jean XXII.

As for the third, countess Jeanne of Burgundy and Artois, woman of the future Philippe V of France, it is locked up with Dourdan to have maintained this secrecy. Supported by her mother Mahaut d' Artois, it reconciles with her husband the king Philippe Length and becomes Reine of France in 1317.

Death

Philippe the Beautiful one dies of the continuations of an accident of Chasse the November 29th 1314 with Fontainebleau, chipped by a Sanglier. He is buried in the Basilique of Saint-Denis. Its burial, like those of the other princes and dignitaries resting in this place, is profaned by the revolutionary in 1793.

Posterity

The nature even of the capacity of this large sovereign remains a enigma: was the toy of its Ministre S or the first " absolute King " ? The majority of the analyzes tend towards the second proposal, within sight of its policy with the long run, which testifies to a will single and coherent (whereas it often changed advisers), and of its intransigent nature.

Thanks to the assistance of lawyers, it truly will still transform a State Féodal into a modern Monarchie where the will of the king is essential on all and a national Impôt is taken on all the kingdom French.

It also will increase the territory of the kingdom, in particular with the annexation of Lille after the signature of the Traité Athis-on-Barley.

Its contemporaries judge it as being rare a entire Beauté, and its physique seemed a living image of the size and majesty of Kings de France. (according to a Chronic Medieval).

See too

External bonds

  • the monetary policy disturbs of Philippe Beautiful the

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