The phenomenology is a philosophical term, to which one allots three different directions:

• First of all for Hegel in 1807, it is an approach of the philosophy which begins with the exploration of the phenomena (i.e. what is presented consciously to us) in order to seize the absolute Spirit, logical, ontological, metaphysics which is behind the phenomena. It is called “phenomenology dialectical”.
• Then for Edmund Husserl, phenomenology takes for starting point the experiment as a sensory intuition of the phenomena in order to try to extract from them the essential provisions of the experiments as well as the gasoline of that which one makes the experiment. phenomenology is the science of the Phénomène S, i.e. the science of the lived in opposition to the objects of the outside world. Phenomenology husserlienne also wants to be a philosophical science, i.e. universal . Moreover, it is a aprioric science, or eidetic , namely a science which states laws whose objects are “gasolines immanentes”. This character aprioric opposes the phenomenology of Husserl to the descriptive psychology of its Master Franz Brentano, who was nevertheless, in other connections, a precursor. That constitutes the “phenomenology transcendantale”. Its philosophy was then developed by inter alia Maurice Merleau-Ponty, max Scheler, Hannah Arendt, Suzanne Bachelard, Dietrich von Hildebrand and Emmanuel Levinas.
• For Martin Heidegger the phenomenologic vision of a world of beings must be deviated towards the apprehension Être as being, as an introduction to the ontology but which remains a critical ontology vis-a-vis the Métaphysique. It is “existential phenomenology”.

The phenomenologic conflict between Husserl and Heidegger influenced the development of the existential Phénoménologie and the Existentialisme in France as one can note it with the work of Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir; and the phenomenology of Munich (Johannes Daubert, Adolf Reinach) and Alfred Schütz; and Paul Ricœur.

History

Kant

A section of the Critique of the pure reason of Kant was to be called Phénoménologie; but Kant replaced finally this name by that of Esthetics transcendantale.

Schopenhauer

For Schopenhauer, the body is a door which opens in the world such as it is in oneself. The body is " on the one hand like representation in phenomenal knowledge, like object among other objects and as subjected to their law; and in addition, at the same time, like this immediately known principle of each one, which the word Volonté" indicates; ( Le Monde like will and representation , delivers II).

Hegel

Hegel is the first (and the only one before Husserl) to give to the concept of phenomenology a capital place. It publishes in 1807 the Phénoménologie of the spirit . However, this company has only one relationship very distant with phenomenology from Husserl (with being known, it is about a “science of the experiment of the conscience”). Phenomenology is also part of the subjective spirit in the Encyclopédie of philosophical sciences. More, consult the article Phénoménologie of the spirit .

It is the context which determines if one speaks about phenomenology to the direction hegelien or husserlien; but in general, the term of phenomenology, taken separately, indicates that of Husserl or its heirs.

Definition and method

The phenomenology of Edmund Husserl is defined initially as a science Transcendantale which wants to put at the day the universal structures of objectivity. She proposes a new apprehension of the world, completely stripped prejudices naturalists which persisted at the time. The phenomenology of Husserl rests on the definition of the Intentionnalité such as data by Franz Brentano and which affirms that the characteristic of the conscience is that it is always conscience of something . The leitmotiv of the phenomenologists is To the same things! . The phenomenologists illustrate their desire thus to apprehend the phenomena in their more simple expression and to go back to the base of the intentional relation.

The project of phenomenology was initially of refonder science while going back to the base of what she considers asset and by putting at the day the process of sedimentation of the truths which can be regarded as eternal. Husserl thus hopes to escape the crisis from sciences which characterizes the 20th century.

Contemporary phenomenology

Phenomenology is a branch of particularly prolific philosophy.

• Hans-Georg Gadamer - Phenomenology of the dialog

• Michel Henry - Phenomenology of the life
• Paul Ricœur - Phenomenology of the will

Influence

Brentano

Although the term was employed before in a nearby direction, it is with Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) that the creation of phenomenology is generally allotted. Phenomenology made great strides impressing at the 20th century. But the majority of the disciples and the heirs to Husserl were diverted of its “idealism transcendantal”. The principal heir to this tradition is, in Germany, Martin Heidegger. French side, phenomenology will lead to work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Paul Sartre and Michel Henry.

Phenomenology also had a great influence on psychology such as it is more generally practiced still nowadays and on the epistemology. It gave rise to a psychiatric private clinic particularly rich, starting from work of the Psychanalyste Ludwig Binswanger. In France, it influenced the current of the institutional Psychothérapie.

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