Pharmacist

The Pharmacien is an health professional. In France, the pharmacists are registered with a professional order, the order of the pharmacists. They have the monopoly dispensation of the drugs and obey a code of deontology . The pharmacist is the specialist in the drug and all the other products for the body. He intervenes in all the fields which are dependant there. Thus, it can establish a plan of pharmacothérapie, make the follow-up of the medicamentous therapy and diagnose the problems in bond with the drug. In 2006,63074 pharmacists exert in France, including 62% women.

Various functions

In France

The pharmacist can follow his occupation in:
  • a Dispensary of city or in a pharmacy of establishment of care (hospital, private clinics);
  • the Drug company (in the fields of the production, quality, marketing, the lawful businesses, the development, etc);
  • pharmaceutical distribution
  • an analysis laboratory (deprived or belonging to an health care institution) as a Pharmacist-biologist;
  • an research organization (CNRS or INSERM) and/or of formation;
  • a university (research professor);
  • administration, the sappers firemen, WHO, a O.N.G, Afssaps, DDASS and DRASS…
  • the army, as a pharmacist-chemist.

The Pharmacist of dispensary

The pharmacist of dispensary assumes the responsibility for all that is prepared and exempted in the dispensary. With this intention it supervises and ensures the preparation and the dispensation of the Médicament S.

In this beginning of XXIe century, it preserves an activity of preparations of the remedies for the dispensary known as masterly preparations which can be under regulation (medical ordinance) or a speciality of pharmacy, even if this activity tends to decrease.

It has in addition a role of council near its patients. This term, devoted by the use, revêt primarily of the activities known as of " care pharmaceutiques" who gathers at the same time aspect of councils on the Compliance of the catch of the drugs, of search of incompatibility between the drugs prescribed and deontologic clean with the activity of the pharmacist of dispensary.

The pharmaceutical care will lead soon to the creation of a pharmaceutical file of the patient who will be consultable by the other fellow-members pharmacists and the doctors when the Personal medical records are created.

However, whenever the health issue requires a diagnosis, the doctor must make sure that the recommendations of the pharmacist respect the diagnosis. Indeed, the pharmacist is not trained to diagnose the disorders of health. The pharmacist must adjust the regulations of the doctor to the need and it is responsible in the event of incident.

Within a dispensary, it can be:

  • owner-holder
  • titular only or associated
  • assistant (or assistant)

The hospital pharmacist

The hospital Pharmacien exerts at the hospital of the activities of dispensation, of reconstitution of drugs but also of information of the doctors. It forms integral part of the multidisciplinary team with the other speakers of the network of health within the hospital.

The pharmacist biologist

The Pharmacist-biologist exerts in the medical analysis laboratories private or public.
  • in France: boarding school of medical Biology (accessible also to the Doctor S and Veterinary S in France).
  • in Belgium: from 5 years of specialization.

The industrial pharmacist

The industrial Pharmacien exerts his competences in all the sectors of the drug company in particular in development (galenic and analytical chemistry) in production as in research, quality assurance and (QC) quality control (QA) and within the department of the regulatory businesses. It can also deal of clinical trials, marketing and the sales.

The pharmacist engineer

Since a little more than one ten year, a new generation of pharmacists was born in France, they are the " pharmacists-ingénieurs". The initiator of this formation was the UFR of pharmacy of Nancy. Two " double formation" there are currently proposed, it is the die " pharma plus". At the end of the 5th year of pharmacy to aiming industry, the student can join the ENSAIA (3Ecole Nationale Sup3erieure of Agronomy and Food industries) or the ENSIC (3Ecole Nationale Sup3erieure of chemical industries), and thus receive the double graduate " pharmacist-ingénieur". With the UFR of pharmacy of Lyon, this die developed by creating partnerships with several schools of engineers of the Rhone-Alps area (CPE Lyon, ISARA, ISTIL, École des Mines of Saint-Etienne) or abroad (Polytechnic of Montreal). Since several years, a significant number of UFR of pharmacy of France (like Châtenay-Malabry, Turns, Marseilles, Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Rennes, Nantes, Toulouse, Montpellier, Grenoble, Clermont-Ferrand…) or Pharmacenter of the Universities of Basel-Zurich (Swiss) wished to sign partnership agreements with the École des Mines of Albi (EMAC-ENSTIMAC) to allow the formation of the " pharmacists-ingénieurs" who intend themselves either for the research and development or for the production. The development of this formation to the EMAC was justified by the fact that a quarter of the engineers trained at the École des Mines of Albi works in the drug company.

The double diploma for the occupation of doctor of pharmacy and engineer, obtained at the end of the course gives to this type of pharmacist competence to work in all the fields of the drug company or biopharmaceutic (Finance, production, quality,…), but also in other sectors as important as the environment, chemical industry, or the agro-alimentary one, for example.

The pharmacist inspector of the public health

The Pharmacien inspector of public health exerts in particular its competences within the Ministry in charge of Health, Drass and Afssaps…

Studies necessary for the exercise

In Canada

To the Canada, the right of practice is allotted at the provincial level. To practice as Pharmacien it is necessary to have at least a baccalaureat in pharmacy and to know well the legal context in the province of exercise. With the Quebec, with the Université of Montreal, the baccalaureat was abolished in date of September 2007 to leave room to the doctorate of first cycle in pharmacy, in the same manner that the doctors must obtain a doctorate of first cycle to exert. It is the first Canadian faculty to found this new program. With the University Laval, this modification is planned for 2008 (date prone to change). In the United States, the pharmacists must acquire a diploma equivalent to Pharm.D.

The abolition of the baccalaureat in pharmacy will also make place with the baccalaureat in biopharmaceutic sciences, for people eager to continue in research (currently announced by the University of Montreal). These graduates will not have the right to practice; only Pharm.D. and B.Pharm. (old mode) will have the right to exert. There exist 9 faculties of pharmacy in Canada, including 2 with the Quebec. They are, of west in east:

Pharmaceutical care

The concept of the pharmaceutical care draws its origin from the publication from Strand and Hepler in 1990. The practice of pharmacy in Canada is strongly influenced by this approach. The Order of the Pharmacists of Quebec defines the pharmaceutical care as being " the whole of the acts and services which the pharmacist must get for a patient, in order to improve its quality of life by the attack of objectives pharmacotherapeutic of preventive, curative nature or palliative". Although there exist several definitions of the concept of pharmaceutical care, the majority of those confirm the engagement of the pharmacist towards the patient in order to enable him to achieve its goals of health. The integration of the concept of pharmaceutical care transformed the practice in the Québécois hospitals by supporting the presence of the pharmacist in the teams of care while offering direct care to the patients.

In France

To obtain the diploma of doctor in pharmacy in France, it is necessary to succeed in the contest sanctioning the first year of studies in a UFR of Pharmacy. The duration of the formation is 2 years for the first cycle, 2 years for the second cycle then according to the way chosen, third cycle a 2 years (5th year and 6th year) for the die industry and dispensary leading to the diploma for the occupation of doctor of pharmacy, or 4 years for those which choose a specialization by the way of the Internat in Pharmacy, that is to say on the whole 6 or 9 years. This course is sanctioned by a thesis of exercise. During this formation, the student will be able to choose among several facets of the profession of Pharmacien: the Dispensary, the Drug company, research or to try the Boarding school in Pharmacy, which is another contest in particular making it possible to work at the hospital in hospital Pharmacie or in the analysis laboratories of medical Biologie. The diploma for the occupation of Doctor of Pharmacy is obligatory to be able to become titular of a dispensary in France. To exert at the hospital as a senior, it is necessary to pass after a few years as an assistant, the national competition of expert of the health care institutions.

Since 2001 and law MURCEF the holder of a pharmacy in France can hold only 51% of the shares of its pharmacy assembled then in the legal form SALT (Liberal Company with Exercise), the 49% others held by one or more pharmacists already installed. The capital of any pharmacy in France being always held by one or more graduate pharmacists, never by external capital (investors, pension funds,…)

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