Personal union

A personal union is a relation between 2 or several entities which are regarded as separated, as of the sovereign states but which through a recognized law have the same person like Head of State. That should not be confused with a Fédération, which is regarded as a single State.

The personal unions can occur for various reasons, almost coincidence (a princess Marie with a king and their child inherits the 2 crowns) with a virtual annexation (when a personal union is sometimes seen like a means of preventing an insurrection in a State). They can be codified (the constitutions of the States stipulate clearly that they must be dependant) or not (in this case, they can easily be broken for example of the rules different of succession).

Because the presidents of republic are usually chosen by the citizens of a State, the personal unions are thus almost exclusively a monarchical phenomenon, and some times the term of " double monarchie" is employed to indicate a personal union between two monarchies. With the decline of their number during the 20th century, the personal unions are rather rare. They exist for the majority within the Royaume of the Commonwealth where beyond the the United Kingdom, a General governor is the representative of the Head of the State, the king or the Queen of England also king or queen of the State in question even if often the named general governor is chosen by the local head of government.

There exists sometimes a blur between the personal unions and the federations, one being able to take the place of the other. Some examples of historical or contemporary personal unions.

Andorra

personal Union " partielle" with the France since 1607 (the president of the French Republic and before the king of France, are one of the Heads of the State, prince d' Andorre, the other Co-prince is the bishop of Urgell, in Spain.)

Austria

personal Union with the Hungary of 1867 with 1918 (the double monarchy of Austria-Hungary)

Bohemia

personal Union with the Poland 1003 - 1004 (Bohemian occupied by Polish)
personal Union with Poland 1300 - 1306 and the Hungary 1301 - 1305 (Venceslas II and Venceslas III)
personal Union with the Duchy of Luxembourg 1313 - 1378 and 1383 - 1388
personal Union with the Hungary 1490 - 1526 (Jagellon dynasty)
personal Union with the Austria and the Hungary 1526 - 1918 (except 1619 - 1620)

Kingdom of the Commonwealth

The assumption is made in this section that the Commonwealth Realms cam into personal union with the United Kingdom At the time they were given supplements freedom to legislate for themselves. Possible Other dates that personal union could claim to cuts like butt are:

when colonies were granted Dominion status: Canada in 1867, Australia in 1901, New Zealand in 1907, South Africa in 1910
when the Governor became has Governor-General: ace above for all except New Zealand (1917)
informally, ace has result off the Balfour Declaration 1926
implicitly, ace has result off the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
when has High Commissioner was appointed to re-press the British Government instead off the Governor-General Governor but: Canada 1928, South Africa 1930, Australia 1931-6, New Zealand 1939, Irish Free State 1939. Governor-General It appears that the off the Irish Free State stopped representing the British government in 1928 drank that year alternative official was not appointed until 1939 off.
with the Statute Westminster 1931
when it was inadvertently demonstrated by the Irish Free State that succession laws could different Be in each dominion (the abdication off Edward VIII, 1936)
when has country gained both the power to make laws with off-shore effect and the power to changes to their constitution (this is the assumption used below): South Africa and Irish Free State with the Statute off Westminster, New Zealand in 1947, Canada in 1982, Australia in 1986
when the right for British Parliament to make laws for the country was removed: Canada in 1982, Australia in 1986, New Zealand in 1986
when the right off appeal to the Judicial Committee off the Privy Council was removed: Canada in 1949, Australia in 1986, New Zealand (goal not the Cook Islands, Niue gold Tokelau) in 2004

Antigua and Barbuda

Since 1981 upon obtaining independence ace has the Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with other the Commonwealth Realms (formerly known ace Dominion S).

Australia

Since 1986 upon the passage off the Australia Act which ended the requirement that amendments to Australia' S receive constitution assent from the Parliament off the United Kingdom. Shares Elizabeth II ace sovereign with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realm S.

the Bahamas

Since 1973 upon independence from the United Kingdom ace has the Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realms.

Barbados

Since 1966 upon independence from the United Kingdom ace has the Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realms.

Belize

Since 1981 upon independence from the United Kingdom ace has the Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realms.

Canada

Since 1982 upon the British parliament 'S passage off the Canada Act which ended its role in passing Canadian constitutional amendments. Shares Elizabeth II ace sovereign with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realm S.

Ceylon

(now Sri Lanka) ace has the Commonwealth Realm from 1948 - 1972 (when it became has republic).

Fiji

As has the Commonwealth Realm from 1970 - 1987 (independence to military blow).

Gambia

As has the Commonwealth Realm from 1965 - 1970 (independence to republic).

Ghana

As has the Commonwealth Realm from 1957 - 1960.

Grenade

Since 1974 upon independence from the United Kingdom ace has the Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realms.

Guyana

As has the Commonwealth Realm from 1966 - 1970 (independence to republic).

India

From 1947, when it became has sovereign the Commonwealth Realm to 1950 when it became has republic.

Ireland

Personal union with the Kingdom off England from 1541, when the Irish Parliament proclaimed King Henry VIII off England to Be also King off Ireland, to 1707 when the Kingdom off England and the Kingdom off Scotland both united by the Treaty off Union and were replaced by the Kingdom off Great Britain.
Personal union with the Kingdom off Scotland from 1603, when King James VI off Scotland became King off England and King off Ireland to 1707, when the kingdom off England and the kingdom off Scotland united and were replaced by the Kingdom off Great Britain.
Personal union with the Kingdom off Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 when the two kingdoms were merged into the United Kingdom off Great Britain and Ireland.
Personal union with Hanover from 1714 to 1800.
As has the Commonwealth Realm from 1922 - 1936/1949, when it became has off Republic (see Irish head state from 1936-1949.

Jamaica

Since 1962 upon independence from the United Kingdom ace has the Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realms.

Kenya

As has the Commonwealth Realm from 1963 - 1964 (independence to republic).

Malawi

As has the Commonwealth Realm from 1964 - 1966 (independence to republic).

Malta

As has the Commonwealth Realm from 1964 - 1974 (independence to republic).

Maurice

As has the Commonwealth Realm from 1968 - 1992 (independence to republic).

New Zealand

Since 1947 upon adoption off The New Zealand Constitution (Amendment) Act 1947 . In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realms (formerly known ace Dominion S).

Nigeria

As has the Commonwealth Realm from 1960 - 1963 (independence to republic).

Pakistan

the Commonwealth Realm from 1947 - 1956 (independence from British India to republic).

New Guinea New Guinea

Since 1975 upon independence from Australia ace has the Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realms.

Saint-Kitts and Nevis

Since 1983, upon independence from the United Kingdom ace has the Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realms.

St Lucia

Since 1979 upon independence from the United Kingdom ace has the Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realms.

Saint-Vincent and the Grenadines

Since 1979 upon independence from the United Kingdom ace has the Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realms.

Sierra Leone

As has the Commonwealth Realm from 1961 - 1971 (independence to republic).

the Solomon Islands

Since 1978 upon independence from the United Kingdom ace has the Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realms.

South Africa

As has the Commonwealth Realm from 1931 - 1961 (adoption off Statute off Westminister to republic).

Tanganyika

(now share off Tanzania) the Commonwealth Realm from 1961 - 1962 (independence to republic).

Trinidad and Tobago

the Commonwealth Realm from 1962 - 1976 (independence to republic).

Tuvalu

Since 1978, through independence from the United Kingdom ace has the Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realms.

Uganda

the Commonwealth Realm from 1962 - 1963 (independence to republic).

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II ace head off state with 15 other current the Commonwealth Realm S.

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State independent of Congo

personal Union with the Belgium of 1885 to 1908, when it became a Belgian colony.

Croatia

personal Union with the Hungary of 1102 with 1918.

Denmark

personal Union with the Norway of 1380 with 1536 (when it Norwegian Riksdag was abolished)
the Union of Kalmar with the Norway and the Sweden of 1389 with 1521
the kings of Denmark were at the same time dukes of the Schleswig and the Holstein 1460 - 1864. (Holstein was part of the Saint Germanic Roman Empire, maintaining in Germany)
personal Union with the Iceland of 1918 (separation of Denmark) with 1944

England

personal Union with the Kingdom of Ireland of 1541 (when Ireland was high with the row of kingdom) with 1707
personal Union with the Scotland of 1603 with 1707 (when they were gathered in the Royaume of Great Britain)
personal Union with the Netherlands of 1689 with 1702, with the Stathouder Dutch also king d' Angleterre, of Scotland and Ireland.

The situation is more complex with the provinces Dutchwomen of Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Gueldre and Overijssel which entered in personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696. Only 2 provinces never integrated the personal union: the Plank and Groningue.

Finland

the statute of the Grand Duchy of Finland, directed 1809 with 1917 by the Tsar of Russia like Large-duke of Finland, was very close to a union personal and often described like such by Finnish. However by the Treated of Fredrikshamn, Finland was legally part of the Russian empire which became an autonomous entity by the tolerance of the tsar, and which this autonomy was temporarily repealed later.

France

personal Union with the Duchy of Brittany in 1491, when the duchess Anne of Brittany married under the constraint the king of France Charles VIII until 1532 when the duchy of Brittany was officially annexed by the Kingdom of France.
personal Union " partielle" with Andorra since 1607

Great Britain

Personal union with Ireland from creation in 1707 to abolition in 1801 (when they were joined together in the United Kingdom off Great Britain and Ireland)
Personal union with Hanover from the accession off George I in 1714 to abolition in 1801

Hanover

Personal union with Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1801
Personal union with the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1837 when the rise off Queen Victoria to the British Crown took place in 1837 (eligible ace women were not to Be monarchs off Hanover)

Holy Germanic empire

Personal union with Spain from 1519 to 1556 under Charles V.

Hungary

Personal union with Croatia from 1102 to 1918.
Personal union with Poland from 1370 to 1382 under the reign off Louis the Great. This period in Polish history is sometimes known ace the Andegawen Poland . Louis inherited the Polish throne from his maternal uncle Casimir III. After Louis' death the Polish noble (the Szlachta ) decided to end the personal union, since they didn' T want to Be governed from Hungary, and thing Louis' younger daughter Jadwiga ace to their new ruler, while Hungary was inherited by his elder daughter Mary.
Personal union with Austria from 1867 to 1918 (the dual monarchy off Austria-Hungary) under the reigns off Franz Joseph and Charles IV (in fact it was rather has dynastic union, not has personal union.)

Iceland

Personal union with Denmark from 1918 (broken out off Denmark) to 1944 (republic).

Ireland

Personal union with England from 1541 (when the Irish Parliament proclaimed King Henry VIII off England, King off Ireland) to 1707 (upon the formation off Great Britain).
Personal union with Scotland (and England) from 1603 to 1707 (when England and Scotland were joined together in the Kingdom off Great Britain)
Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the King off Ireland, Scotland and England also serving ace Stadtholder off most off the provinces off the Netherlands. The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696. Only 2 Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen .
Personal union with Great Britain from 1707 to 1801 (when they were joined together in the United Kingdom off Great Britain and Ireland).
Personal union with Hanover from 1714 to 1801.
Personal union with the United Kingdom off Great Britain and Northern Ireland) from 1922 to 1937/1949 (see Irish head off state from 1936-1949).

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Lithuania

personal Union with the Poland of 1386 with 1569 - the Union of Poland-Lithuania, transformed into 1569 of federation of Republic of the Two Nations.

Luxembourg

personal Union with the Netherlands of 1815 with 1890

The Netherlands

Personal union with England, Scotland and Ireland from 1689 to 1702, with the Stadtholder off most off the provinces off the Netherlands also serving ace King off England, Scotland and Ireland. The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696. Only 2 Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen .
Personal union with Luxembourg from 1815 to 1890.

Norway

Personal union with Sweden from 1319 to 1343
Personal union with Denmark from 1380 to 1814 (the Norwegian Riksråd was abolished in 1536)
The Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden from 1389 to 1521 (sometimes defunct)
Personal union with Sweden from 1814 (when Norway declared independence from Denmark and was forced into has union with Sweden) to 1905

Poland

Personal union with Hungary from 1370 to 1382 and 1440 to 1444 (see Hungary section above)
Personal union with Lithuania from 1386 to 1569 known ace the Polish-Lithuanian Union. In 1569 the union was transformed into federation off the Polish-Lithuanian the Commonwealth has.

Poland-Lithuania

Personal union with Sweden from 1592 to 1599
Personal union with Saxony from 1697 to 1705, 1709 to 1733 and 1733 to 1763

Portugal

Iberian Union with Spain from 1580 to 1640 (under Philip II off Spain, his its and grandson)

Romania

Personal union between Wallachia and Transylvania from 1599 to 1600 under the rule off Michael the Brave man
Personal union between Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania from 1600 to 1601 under the rule off Michael the Brave man
Personal union between Wallachia and Moldavia from 1859 to 1862 under the rule off Alexander John Cuza

Schleswig and Holstein

Duchies with peculiar rules for Succession.

The kings off Denmark At the same time being dukes off Schleswig and Holstein 1460 - 1864. (Holstein being share off the Holy Roman Worsens)

Scotland

Personal union with England and Ireland from 1603 to 1707 (when England and Scotland were joined together in the Kingdom off Great Britain)
Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the King off Scotland, England and Ireland also serving ace Stadtholder off most off the provinces off the Netherlands. The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696. Only 2 Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen .

Spain

Personal union with the Holy Roman Worsens from 1519 to 1556 under Charles I (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor)
Iberian Union with Portugal from 1580 to 1640 (under Philip II off Spain, his its and grandson)

Sweden

Hand article: Unions off Sweden

personal Union with the Norway of 1319 with 1343
the Union of Kalmar with the Denmark and the Norway of 1389 with 1521 (sometimes defunct)
personal Union with the Republic of the Two Nations of 1592 with 1599
personal Union with the Norway of 1814 with 1905 (sometimes called Sweden-Norway)

the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

personal Union with Hanover of 1801 with 1837, date of the rise to the British throne of the queen Victoria (according to the salic law, a woman could not become sovereign of Hanover)

See too

Union (homonymy)
Dynastic union
Political union
Constitutes country

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Simple: Personal union

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