Peligro doble

Events

Africa

  • Algeria: Consolidation of French colonization with military operations aiming at subjecting the south and the Kabylie, the acquisition of the grounds, the administrative organization and the creation of departments or military Arab offices.
  • Benign: Establishments of relations with France.
  • Kenya: Treaties between the Great Britain and the sultan of Oman in order to limit the lucrative trade of the slaves, in exchange of the guarantee of the maintenance of the influence of the sultanate on the Kenyan coast. Abolition of the “ trade ” in 1873.
  • Lesotho: The fight of the Sotho tribes against the Boers colonists continues (1840 - 1868).
  • Reign of the kabaka (king) Mutesa I {{er}} on the area of the Uganda of 1852 with 1884.
  • the Senegal becomes with the governor Louis Leon César Faidherbe (1854 - 1861), the base of the French expansion in Western Africa.
  • Emigration in Angola the Brazilian ones of Pernambouc following the insurrection of 1847 - 1848. They develop the culture of the cane with sugar, ruined in the North-East of Brazil.
  • Apogee of the kingdom Bamum in the west of the Cameroun. The king Mbuembue developed at the beginning of the century a policy warlike and multiplied by seven the national territory around Foumban, the capital, between the rivers Mbam and Noun. About 1850, an officer of origin commoner, Nguwuo, seizes the capacity. The kingdom, which counts approximately 20  000 inhabitants of which a third with Foumban, the capital, saw regional trade, traffic of slaves and agriculture in the fertile valleys of Mbam and Noun.
  • Beginning of the year 1850, the use of the mercenaries Zarma by the kingdoms Dagomba and Mamprusi, of the north of the current Ghana, for razzier the countries Gourounsi.
  • the chief Toucouleur El Hadj Omar Tall, based with the Fouta-Djalon, receives British firearms of traffickers of Sierra Leone. He declares the holy war to found an empire tidjanist. He occupies without difficulty the territories of the Mandingue and the Bambouk (1853), then attacks the Bambara Massassi (1854).

Americas

Europe

  • Ultimate advanced glaciers in the the Alps (maximum of 1850 - 1855). Series of frozen springs, fresh summers and late grape harvest of 1850 with 1856.
  • winter Warming in Great Britain starting from 1850. Winter warming with the Denmark of 1,4°C of 1850 with 1945.

the Middle East

Significant characters

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

  • the transcontinental railroads.

  • Beginnings of lighting with gas in the cities in Spain.

Economy & Company

The United Kingdom

  • Boom victorien of the economy (1850-1870).

  • the production of coal is of 50 million tons. The merchant fleet counts 3,6 million tons.
  • During second half of the century, constitutes at the national level a network of banks with branches, the Big Eight of London, become after fusions the Big Five after 1919.
  • 58% of the agricultural surface is occupied by farms from 20 to 120 ha and 34% of more than 150 ha.
  • First warship to vapor.

  • the the United Kingdom account 27,3 million inhabitants. The majority of the population lives in cities. Seven million people emigrates between 1850 and 1900.

  • Development of the middle-classes. The workers who do not exert a manual trade pass between 1851 and 1911 of 1,25 to 3,4 million credits, is 18% of the active population. The number of servants, whose employment is essential to the concept of middle-class, passes from 848  000 in 1851 to 1,3 million in 1871. The working classes pass from 1851 to 1911 from 7 to 15 million people.

  • the English week (stoppage of the work saturdays at midday) spreads with the the United Kingdom. 8% of the population are affiliated at mutual aid associations ( Fiendly Societies ) which act as insurance against the disease and old age. The wages increase by 25 to 30% between 1850 and 1875 and the stagnation or the retreat of the wages during the two following decades is compensated by the fall of the cost of living of 40%.
  • Déchristianisation: the Pascale practice relates to half of the English in 1851, then one on five at the beginning of the 20th century. Spectacular conversion with the Catholicism of John Newman (1845) and of Henry Manning (1851). The number of the catholics in Great Britain passes from 700  000 in 1851 to 1,6 million in 1900.

Africa

  • the foreign trade of Western Africa passes from 3,5 million books about 1850 to 8 million in 1880 and 15 million at the beginning of the 20th century.

  • Boom of exports of rubber to the Gabon during the years 1850.

  • Development of exports of Palm oil (Lagos, mouth of the Niger, Dahomey) and Groundnut (Sénégambie).
  • Development of the slave plantations providing for the export of the cereals (corn, rice, millet and sesame) in the back country of Mombasa and Lamu (3000 tons towards 1850,9000 worms 1885).
  • Diffusion of the culture of the Manioc and the Rice starting from the Eastern coast. The iron hoes are adopted in parallel. This evolution does not prevent the crises of subsistence. The traditions of certain groups refer to severe famines in the years 1830,1860 and 1870.

  • the export of the slaves ceases in the basin of the Fleuve Congo about 1850-1860. It is replaced by that of the forest products. The exploitation of the Ivoire increases while new products, like the Tabac, are cultivated for export. The agricultural production increases (Manioc for the interior market, tobacco for export) but the craft industry, competed with by the imported products, crumbles. The marketing activities are reserved for a minority of bordering chiefs of the Pool Malebo where succeeds the river traffic, dominated by the Tyo since the 15th century. The basin of the Kasai, occupied by the Nunu and the Ntomba in particular, provides potteries, salt and alcohol of cane with sugar for the local market, at the same time as of the ivory and the Gomme copale intended for the Atlantic coast; that of Congo and the Oubangui, dominated by the Bobangi, produced vivres (smoked manioc, fish and meat) and products artisanal (potteries, dugouts, instruments of fishing) for the local market, of the ivory (between 5  000 and 6  000 teeth in 1870) and of the slaves (for local labor after 1860).

  • Five thousand slaves per annum forward Chad towards the Libya by the Fezzan. 15  000 slaves per annum are sold in the markets of the Eastern coast.

  • the population of Madagascar is estimated at a million inhabitants. It shows a great cultural unit founded on a common language and identical habits, synthesis of local heritages and loans in Indonesia and Africa bantoue: role prevailing of rice growing and the bovine breeding, importance of the worship of the ancestors, division of the company as patrilineal clans and orders (noble, free men, slaves) strictly partitioned, between which the marriage is in theory prohibited. It is divided into a score of karazabe (“tribes”), often of the largely autonomous confederations of political units, sometimes directed by kings.

  • Development of the ports of the Morocco. A traffic of approximately 700 boats per annum is recorded between Morocco and Europe. Casablanca becomes a big step for the navigation of coastal traffic along the coasts of the Atlantique, and the starting point of half of Moroccan cereal and wool exports.

America

  • Beginning of industrialization with the Canada. Gradual establishment of the trade unions of workers; in 1881, the American trade union, Knights off Ploughing, will succeed in being established with the Quebec but, five years afterwards, it disappears following the virulent attacks from Mgr Taschereau.
  • In the years 1850, a thousand of slaves escapes each year with the the United States in direction of North, the Canada or the Mexico. 200  000 freed live in North.
  • In the South of the the United States, a thousand of families have 50 million dollars of annual incomes while the 660  000 other white families share 60 million dollars.
  • constant Period of rise of the prices in the United States (1850 - 1873).
  • the John Deere Company produced 10  000 plow shear out of steel per annum. Cyrus McCormick manufactures a thousand of mechanical reaping-machines per annum in its factory of Chicago.

  • In the years 1850, the Gold rush in California obliges many North-Americans to seek a short cut. The Nicaragua, with its immense central lake, causes many construction projects of an interoceanic channel.

  • Boom for the Coffee with the Brazil (1850-1870). Development of the fazendas (great properties) and of the sitiantes (small farmers) in the valley of the Paraiba.

  • Creation with the Brazil between 1850 and 1860 of 62 industrial firms, 14 banks, 20 companies of steamers, 23 insurance companies, 4 companies of agricultural colonization, 8 companies mining, 3 urban haulage companies, 2 companies with gas and 8 railway lines.

Asia

  • Beginning of Chinese immigration in Malaysia . Many Chinese workers are employed in the tin mines. Their presence, badly accepted by the autochtones, requires the regular intervention of the British.

Demography

Simple: 1850s

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