Paul Éluard

Paul Éluard (of his true name Eugene Emile Paul Grindel ) is a Poète French, born with Saint-Denis, the December 14th 1895, dead the November 18th 1952 with Charenton-the-Bridge.

It chooses at the age of twenty and one years, the name of Paul Éluard, inherited his grandmother, Félicie. It adhered to the Dadaïsme and was one of the pillars of the Surréalisme by opening the way with a committed artistic action.

Biography

the life of Éluard is a history of love. Gilbert Maurin ----

Official reception and birth of the Surrealism (1917-1930)

Reached Tuberculosis at sixteen years, after a happy childhood, it is constrained to stop its studies. In Swiss, with the Sanatorium of Davos, it meets young Russian Helena Diakonova whom it calls Gala. He marries it on February 21st 1917. Its impetuosity, its spirit of decision, its field crop impress the Éluard young person who takes with it its first dash of poetry in love, a dash which will be prolonged in all its writings. It draws its profile, and he adds to the hand: " I am your disciple." They read together the poems of Gerard de Nerval, Charles Baudelaire, Lautréamont and Guillaume Apollinaire. May 11th, 1918, he writes with the one his friends: " I attended the arrival in the world, very simply, of a beautiful little girl, Cécile, my fille." In 1918, when the victory is proclaimed, Paul Éluard combines the plenitude of its love to a deep handing-over in question of the world: it is the movement Dada which will begin this handing-over in question, in the nonsense, the madness, the drolery and the nonsense. It is then the Surréalisme which will give him its contents. Right before the surrealist ones, the dadaïstes make scandal. Éluard, close friend of André Breton, is of all the demonstrations hobby-horse. It founds its own review " Proverbe" in which it is shown, like Jean Paulhan, obsessed by the problems of the language. Both want to dispute the concepts of well beautiful / ugly , but refuse to call in question the language itself. In 1920, Éluard is only group to affirm that the language can be a " but" , whereas the others especially regard it as a " means of détruire".

In 1922, he promises with André Breton " to ruin the littérature" and more nothing to produce. March 24th, 1924, it embarks in Marseilles for a voyage around the world. The following day, appears the collection “ Mourir not to die ” which carries forward " For all to simplify I dedicate my last book to André Breton". At once after its return at the beginning of October, it takes part in the lampoon “ a corpse ” writes by the surrealist ones in reaction to the national funeral made with the writer Anatole France.

All the life of Éluard merges now with that of the surrealist movement. It is however him which escapes the reputation best from violence and which is best accepted as writer by criticism traditionnelle.
Éluard yields with the surrealist rule summarized by this sentence of Lautréamont: " Poetry must be made by all, not by un". With Benjamin Péret, he writes 152 poems put at the last style . With André Breton, “ With the defect of silence ” and “ the Immaculate Conception ”. With Breton and Rene Tank, “ To slow down work ”.
Since 1925, it supports the revolt of the Morrocans, Thanks to the assistance of Hamza Rkha Chaham, and in 1926, it enters with Aragon and Breton to the Communist party français.
It is also the time when it publishes two essential collections: “ Capital of the pain ” (1926) and “ Love poetry ” (1929).
In 1928, sick, it sets out again in a sanatorium with Gala, where they will spend their last winter together. It is at this time that Gala meets Salvador Dali, that Paul Éluard becomes acquainted with Nusch. He says to Gala: " Your hair slips into the abyss which justifies our éloignement."

Nusch and fights it for freedom (1931-1946)

Years 1931-1935 count among happiest of its life. Married with Nusch in 1934, he sees in her the incarnation even of the woman, partner and accomplice, sensual and proud, sensitive and faithful. In 1931, it rises against the colonial Exposure organized to Paris and sign a leaflet where is written: " If you want peace, prepare the war civile". Excluded from the Communist party, it continues its fight for the revolution, all the révolutions.
Ambassador of the Surrealism, it travels in all Europe. To Prague in March 1935, with Breton, where they are cordially accommodated, the body of the Hungarian Communist party presents them like " the two poets, largest of France contemporaine". In Spain in 1936. He learns the pro-Franco rising, against which he rises violently. The following year, the bombardment of Guernica inspires the poem to him “ Victoire of Guernica ”. During these two terrible years for Spain, Éluard and Picasso are hardly left. The poet called to the painter: " You hold the flame between your fingers and you paint like a incendie."
Mobilized as of September 1939 in the intendance, it settles with Nusch in Paris after the armistice (June 17th, 1940). In January 1942, it settles in friends close to Vézelay, not very far from the maquis. Éluard requires its re-registration, clandestine, with the Communist party. The twenties and one stanzas of “ Liberté ” are parachuted by the English planes to thousands of specimens above France.
In 1943, with Jean Lescure, it gathers the texts of many resistant poets and publishes “ the Honor of the poets ”. Vis-a-vis oppression, the poets sing in chorus the hope, freedom. It is the first anthology of Eluard where it shows its will of opening and gathering. With the Release, he is celebrated with Louis Aragon like the large poet of the Résistance.
With Nusch, it multiplies turned and conferences. But on November 28th, 1946, during a stay in Switzerland, it receives a phone call teaching him sudden death from Nusch, of a stroke. Embanked, he writes:
We will not age
together Here the day in excess: time overflows
My love so light takes the weight of a torment
Some close friends give again little by little the " to him; hard desire of durer" and it finds force in the love of humanity. Its collection “ Of the horizon of one man at the horizon of all ” recalls this advance which leads Éluard of the suffering to the found hope. The battle of Greece is not finished, and its love and its fight with Nusch continue:
There are the maquis color of blood of Spain
There are the maquis color of the sky of Greece
bread blood sky and right to the hope
You that I love forever you who me ace invented
You sang by dreaming happiness on the ground
You dreamed to be free and I continue you

Dominique and engagement for peace (1947-1952)

In April 1948, Paul Éluard and Picasso are invited to take part in the Congress for peace with Wroclaw (Poland). In June, Éluard publishes “ political Poèmes ” prefaced by Louis Aragon. The following year, to April, it as is delegated World council of peace, that Éluard takes part in work of the congress which is held with the Pleyel Room in Paris. In June, it spends a few days near the Greek partisans cut off from the Grammos mount vis-a-vis the soldiers from the Greek government. Then it goes to Budapest to attend the festivals commemorative of the centenary of died of the poet Sándor Petőfi. It meets Pablo Neruda there. In September, it is in Mexico City for a new congress of peace. It meets Dominique Lemor with which it returns to France. They will marry each other in 1951. Éluard publishes this same year the collection “ the Phoenix ” entirely devoted to the joy retrouvée.
In 1950, with Dominique, voyages to Prague for a traditional exposition in Vladimir Maïakovski, Sofia as delegated Association the France-USSR, and in Moscow for the ceremonies of May 1st.
In February 1952, Paul Éluard is in Geneva for a conference on the topic “ the Poetry of circumstance ”. February 25th, it represents " the people français" in Moscow to commemorate the hundred fiftieth birthday of the birth of Victor Hugo.
November 18th, 1952, to 9 hours of the morning, Paul Éluard succumbs to an heart attack in its residence, 52 avenue de Gravelle. Funerals take place on November 22nd with the cemetery of the Father-Lachaise. The government refuses the national funeral. Robert Sabatier: " This day, the whole world was in deuil".

Work

Exaltation of the experiment in love

The poetry of Éluard is initially a lucid exaltation of the desire. “ Capitale of the pain ” (1926) watch that the world of the disease, loneliness and death, is always threatening, but it is precisely also what gives its price to happiness. The love " égoïste" of “ the love poetry ” can also open and work for the happiness of all, as testify to it “ the immediate life ” (1932) and “ the fertile Eyes ” (1936), celebrating its love shared with Nusch. The death of Nusch is the occasion of an insane bet on the future, of an authentic restarting. “ the Hard Desire to last ” is an act of faith towards the language conceived like a light able to make move back darkness of the suffering.

At Paul Éluard, the requirements morals purify the word without never eluding the upheavals of the man, so much the logic of the love supports them. " For him, the love is the great revolutionary force, underlines Jacques Gaucheron. It deepens it unceasingly, of the most carnal desire to the erotism and to this opening in the world which is the love. To pass from " je" with " tu" , it is to pass to " nous" , with the " nous" vastest. The love, by interior need gives to see, gives to living, gives to want a world without mutilation, would open out by investing all human dimensions. The only adding up requirement being that of the bonheur." Éluard: " One does not need a whole to make a world. One needs happiness and anything autre".

To release the language to change the life

The language of the poetry of Éluard exceeds the pure automatism and is not satisfied to update the ore of the unconscious one. He seeks to make obvious of associations of words, of images, who however escape any logical association. Because if " the ground is blue like a orange" “ the Love, poetry ”, it is that, for the poet, all is possible with whom can see . It is by freeing the thought from its limits that he discovers the poetic absolute. At Éluard, the word affirms: " I have the easy beauty and it is heureux" “ Capital of the pain ”.

A committed poetry

It is also as a combatant the death - and atrocities related to the war - which the poet aspires to give again a direction with the life. One counts in particular, among his writings most committed “ natural Cours, easy prey ” (1938), “ the open Book ” (1941), “ Poésie and truth ” (1941), “ political Poèmes ” (1948).

Jacques Gaucheron, author of the book “ Paul Éluard or fidelity with the life ”, meets the poet after the war at the National committee of the writers. Become friendly, they publish together “ the Maquis of France ”. For him: " Paul Éluard entered the literary history. When he speaks about “uninterrupted poetry, it is not vain a mot". This coherence is due to the depth of the invention of Éluard, which is not only one manner of saying, but a manner of being. “The fundamental intuition of the poet, explains Jacques Gaucheron, is precociously at the origin of the unconditional claim of happiness. Its poetic mediation is tested in the movements of its personal life. One often thinks of him like poet of Resistance. During the abominable years of the occupation Nazi, it is that which is not resigned, which does not accept. The top is reached with “ Liberté ”, which will be diffused in the whole world in 1942. Paul Éluard is a carrier of hope. But he is also the poet of resistance, without capital letter. He writes against the order of the world. Its fight is quite as uninterrupted as its poetry. When he writes the “ Immaculate Conception ” in 1930 with André Breton, he fights against the treatments which one inflicts to the lunatics, alienation being one of the worst representations of exclusion. With the direction which Éluard confers to him, poetry is a company of " désaliénation". Poetry thus becomes an art of language about it, an art of life, a moral instrument. ”

Works

  • “First poems” (1913)
  • “the Duty” (1916)
  • “the Duty and Concern” (1917)
  • “animals and their men, men and their animals” (1920)
  • “a wave of dream” (1924)
  • “To die not to die” (1924)
  • “With the defect of silence” (1925)
  • “Capital of the Pain” (1926)
  • “Lower parts of a life or the Human pyramid” (1926)
  • “Love Poetry” (1929)
  • “To slow down work” (1930)
  • “With any test” (1930)
  • “Defense of knowing” (1932)
  • “immediate Life” (1932)
  • “the public pink” (1934)
  • “Easy” (1935)
  • “fertile Eyes” (1936)
  • “natural Cours” (1936)
  • “Poetry and truth” (1942)
  • “Freedom” (1942)
  • “Opinion” (1943)
  • “seven poems of love in war” (1943)
  • “ To go Germans” (1944)
  • “Poetry uninterrupted” (1946)
  • “the fifth poem visible” (1947)
  • “Our life” (1947)
  • “Inside the sight” (1947)
“Complete Works” (two volumes) of Paul Eluard were published in 1968 in the “Library of the Pleiad”. On this occasion a “Eluard Album” at summer carried out.
  • “Ode with Stalin” (1950)
  • “Phoenix”, (1951), complete Works, II, Gallimard, Library of the Pleiad, 1968
  • Picasso, drawings (1952)

Anecdotes

External bonds

  • Paul Eluard on Internet
  • With the meeting of Paul Eluard
  • Paul Eluard and surrealism
  • Some poems of Paul Éluard
  • First of the world (analyzes)

Random links:Congress of Alfortville | Eastern Airways | Championship of the world of the rallys 1983

| Michael Darmon | Birsk