Participation
The participation indicates attempts to give a role to the individuals in a decision making affecting a community. This concept applied to several distinct fields.
The principle of participation is one of the ten basic principles of the social Doctrine of the Church.
The participation, idea gaullist
In the language gaullist, one named participation the principle seeking more closely to associate the employees with their company by the means of the work's councils and of the division to equal share between owners and paid (between those, with the pro missed by their wages) of the part of the benefit exceeding a given remuneration (fixed at 5% except inflation) of the stockholders' equity . Born from an ordinance of 1967, the project was established in certain companies wanting to give an image citizen, such as for example IBM, but had the favors neither of CNPF, nor of the left of the time. The participation (of its exact name special reserve of participation) is obligatory in the companies of more than 50 paid. The funds of participation are blocked five years, to encourage with the popular saving, and déblocables in a way anticipated for certain events: marriage, possibility of home-ownership, over-indebtedness, rupture of the work contract (retirement, resignation, dismissal, death,…), etc
The last major report on the question was submitted to the Prime Minister, Dominique de Villepin, in September 2005 by the deputies François Cornut-Gentille and Jacques Godfrain: " the participation for tous" .
The participation in policy
In Political sciences, the participation is a more general term which recovers the various means according to which the citizens can take part in the political decisions.
So that the participation in all full knowledge of the facts is possible, a degree of Transparence, for example the radical Transparence, is necessary , but nonsufficient .
The participation is especially required for the Décision S which affect in priority certain categories of the population, in particular in the field of the Urbanisme and of the urban renovations. The American author Sherry R. Arnstein distinguished into 1969 eight levels from participation from the citizens in the projects with regard to them. This “scale of the participation” is always used by sociologists to even analyze the way in which the public authorities inform, make take part the citizens in decision makings:
If Sherry R. Arnstein locates examples of participation in each one of these eight levels in the United States, the participation does not exceed in France the framework of the “non-participation” and “information” within the framework of the urban renovations, according to the analysis of J. Donzelot and R. Epstein.
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