Parliamentary mode

The parliamentary mode is a Political regime characterized by a separation of the capacities (Exécutif and Législatif) flexible (in opposition to the separation of the capacities strict, characteristic of a Presidential regime) tending to their balance. In the parliamentary mode, the legislature and the executive have the same personnel with the direction where the members of the Gouvernement come from the parliamentary majority.

Parliamentarism

The Parlement can be monocaméral or bicameral (a Upper House and a Lower House). The Government and the Parliament work together and have reciprocal means of interaction: the executive can dissolve the Parliament, and the legislature can reverse the Government as a voter a Motion of censure. It is said that the Government is politically responsible before the Parliament from which it is resulting. If the Government is also responsible in front of the Head of the State, one is in a system of parliamentary mode dualistic. If the Head of the State is erased and that the Government is responsible only before the Parliament then it is a parliamentary mode monist. It is the political regime dominating in Europe from where it is resulting, being initially developed in England. One also finds it inter alia with the Japan, in India, Haiti and with the Canada. It is different from the Presidential regime represented by the institutions of the the United States and especially widespread on the American continent, which is characterized by a strict separation of the capacities.

There exist parliamentary modes, a parliamentary family more than one standard parliamentary mode.

Mode of assembly

The Régime from assembly is a drift of the parliamentary mode. In this mode, a single assembly exerts only sovereignty in the name of the nation. The executive power is only its clerk, named and revoked at will, to which it can give orders. This mode must be characterized by a confusion of the capacities to the profit of the legislature and does not have to only be one imbalance of the capacities.

Thus, the Constitution jacobine of June 24th, 1793 (ever applied) establishes a mode of assembly in whom the assembly representing the citizens, the legislative Body, sees itself allotting the totality of the capacities: executive, légistatif and legal. An Executive council of 24 members is charged to make carry out the decisions of the Body but depends entirely on this last.

On the contrary, IIIe and IVe French Republics are parliamentary modes which are only unbalanced with the profit of the legislature. The executive preserved all the same a certain independence and some to be able (in particular because of the practice of the Orders in Council).

List States with the parliamentary mode

List nonexhaustive:

In Europe:

Elsewhere:

France

The France had a parliamentary mode several times in its constitutional history. One notes as follows:
  • parliamentarism in France knows an outline starting from the Restauration then with the Monarchie of July;
  • the beginnings of IIIe République were parliamentary, of 1875 to 1877-1879 (crisis of May 16th, 1877 which is completed in January 1879 with the Constitution Grévy), where the mode became a parliamentary mode with tendency of assembled (imbalance of the capacities to the profit of the legislature without in so far as there is confusion of the capacities);
  • for IVe République, even tendency that under IIIe, though less marked;
  • Ve République is the subject also of divergences of qualifications. From 1958 to 1962, the mode was parliamentary. As from 1962, there was conjunction of the election of the President of the Republic by the universal direct suffrage (what gives him a legitimacy more important than that of all the other institutions) with a legislative majority favorable to the President (the National Assembly is under the domination of the Union for the presidential majority, more known under the name of UMP). In practice, the President then becomes the true chief of the parliamentary majority at the expense of the Prime Minister. This reading of the Constitution in fact is called into question under the Cohabitation S (1986-1988; 1993-1995; 1997-2002), where one takes again a reading of the Constitution closer to the origins. One thus has:
    • under the cohabitations, a dualistic parliamentary mode (the not being erased President, even if it loses part of the prerogatives that the practice of the institutions gave him).
    • the problem of the qualification of Ve République remains:
      • Maurice Duverger proposed to qualify this mode of semi-presidential Régime, because it takes again at the same time the characteristics of the parliamentary mode (responsibility for the government and dissolution) and of the presidential regime (election of the President by the vote for all and President chief of the government). However, this position is criticized much and is little received by the remainder of the doctrines (actually, according to the doctrines, all the semi-presidential modes described by Duverger are characteristics of the parliamentary mode: dualistic parliamentary modes);
      • the most important characteristics here are well those of mutual means of revocability between the legislature and the executive, which makes well of Ve République a parliamentary mode. To take into account the takeover of the President on the government, it is however necessary to qualify the parliamentary mode of mode presidentialized (in reference to the presidentialism with the Frenchwoman).

See too

; Related articles

; External bonds

  • www.vie-publique.fr

  • Constitutional Models

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