Parliament of England

The Parliament of England , in English Parliament off England , was the Parliament Royaume of England. Created to the 13th century, it limited more and more the capacity of the monarchy: of supreme court, it became the principal body of council of the king, then the referee of the political crises and the possible critic of the sovereign. This role of control and regulator of monarchy will be at the base of the democracy to English which is set up afterwards several centuries.

By the act of union of 1707, it forms the base of the Parlement of Great Britain and, later, the Parlement of the United Kingdom.

History

Creation

The Large Charter ( Magna Carta ) of 1215, after the revolt of noble against Jean without Ground, created the Large Council, beside the private Council which is the traditional entourage of the king. This Great Council brings together the large barons plus the representatives of the middle-class men of London. But the king can join together of the middle-class men experienced out of economic material, or the foreign merchants, the Jews or of the elected knights (4 per county), when and as he wants, on the subjects of his choice. The Great Council is thus only one body among others to help with the government, but it is only the ability to authorize the tax.

In the decade 1240, one starts to see appearing the word Parlement to indicate the Great Council.

The crisis of 1258 - 1265 sees a new revolt of the barons because Henri III seeks to return on the Large Charter and wishes to restore all the prerogatives of its predecessors. In 1267, the Parliament known as of Marlborough restores the royal capacity which had again moved back at the time of the provisions of Oxford, but it maintains the Large Charter. This Parliament was thus used as referee between the king and the barons, which reinforced its legitimacy and its rights. The representatives of the cities play an increasingly important part within the Parliament.

Rise under Edouard Ier

Edouard I {{er}}, king of 1272 with 1307, carries out many wars (Scotland, Wales): it takes the practice to convene and consult very often the Parliament which authorizes the tax. The Parliament up to that point had a function before very legal (as in France), but by these frequent convocations, it takes a political role of council more and more. The elected knights of the counties, the large barons, the middle-class men thus brought together to take part in the judgment of the lawsuits in progress, also presented petitions on the questions which interested them, and the king benefitted from it to ask them to define the plate and the mode of covering of the taxes.

It is thus about an operation by habit, without legislative text of official creation and organization. For a regular wheel become essential of the royal capacity. In 1283 are fixed rules of convocation, forty days before the meeting. In 1295 meets the Parliament says “model”, i.e. with spiritual Lords (prelates) and temporal Lords (barons), elected knights and low clergy, representatives of the cities.

Final organization at the 14th century

In 1327, Edouard II, reversed by his wife Isabelle de France, is submitted before the Parliament to be officially relieved with the profit of his/her son. The Parliament does not dare to pronounce the forfeiture but made pressure on the sovereign who yields and abdicates in favor of the young Edouard. It is a precedent which reinforces the political role of the Parliament.

At the beginning of the reign of Edouard III (1327 - 1377), the Parliament is divided into two distinct rooms, the House of Lords and the House of Commons (the United Kingdom), the latter made up knights and of elected middle-class men, the low clergy disappears during the 14th century.

In the middle of the 14th century is adopted the English language for the deliberations whereas up to that point one used French (French origin of Plantagenêts), but without account-returned written.

The Parliament keeps legal attributions ( bills of impeachment and attainder , i.e. right to convene and judge the pars of the kingdom). But especially, he plays a growing political role of council and petition: the king always does not follow the opinions of the Parliament, but the support of this one gives him an additional authority. Example of disagreement: 1343, business of the wool (Edouard III applies an embargo to English wool exports to asphyxiate draping industry continental in order to cause social disturbances obstructing France; however that obstructs the English economy also enormously, from where parliamentary opposition.

In 1376 appears the Speaker , spokesperson of the Communes.

In 1399, the Parliament relieves the last Plantagenêt, Richard II, and replaces it by his/her first cousin Henri of Lancaster (Henri IV). The Parliament thus goes further that in 1327 and thus crosses the step of the royal dismissal. From now on the sovereign cannot go any more against the Parliament. Fine XIVe-Beginning 15th century, the dominating capacity in England is not any more the royalty, but the Parliament. However, the feudal ones keep great local authorities.

See too

Simple: Parliament off England

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