Paper mill

The word paper mill can indicate:

a Undertaken specialized in the transformation of the Wood or old paper, or straws in Paper or other fibers (rags) (with the Quebec, one employs the term paper ). If paper is used on the spot to make paperboard, one speaks about paper mill-cardboard factory.
art to manufacture paper
trade of paper
a company which sells paper articles.
the whole of the articles relating to paper
a small box containing the hardware requirement to write and seal letters

The transformation of wood or reclaimed fibers or other fibers into paper which can be an extremely complex process, the companies tend since the years 1980 to specialize in various crenels:

Pulp paper, Paper recycled
paperboard (lying, undulated, with winding, etc)
Paper (fine, of packing, kraft or strong, newspaper, etc)

By simplification, the factories of production which belong to these companies are often named paper mills .

Description

Theoretically any long, fine and solid vegetable fiber can make it possible to make paper, but wood remains the 1st source of paper pulp. These factories can contain completely integrated production units or be made up of various complementary units. The integrated factories accept the logs (named blocks in Quebec) or the Copeau X, which will be converted into fiber. These fibers are diluted in a solution with 4 %, which will be used to manufacture paper. Once dried, these fibers are moulded in bundles of Pâte kraft, which are bought by other factories. These bundles are hydrated to form a solution with 4 %, which will be transformed into paper.

The modern factories consume great quantities of energy, Eau and very effective Bois in way by the means of complex processes of transformation. The principle of manufacture always remained that of the formation of the sheet induced by drying in a few seconds of a thin film of Pulp paper liquid on a felt.

The productivity passed in a few years of a few tens of tons/day to hundreds of tons. The width of the machines increased also much. The cut is made with the microphone-jet water (with the precision close to that of a cut to the laser)

It is on the precision of the control of this technique, where the drying of the product gives the characteristics and properties finale of paper, which the great technical evolutions of the paper machine carried. Modern technologies make it possible to produce a sheet of more than 100 m length and 10 m of Width (width) at a speed going until 108 km/h (30 m/s).

Paper industry is classified like

- Heavy industry,

- industry very consuming energy (outputs improved by the Cogénération or trigeneration (combined production of electricity , vapor (which will be used for the heating of the rollers drying and pressing paper) and movement starting from the same energy source; the gas flaring in a Gas turbine for example).

- industry subjected to the quotas of emissions of Gas to greenhouse effect and to the gone of carbon and the rights to pollute.

- industry very consuming water (this why the factories are often located in edge of river or top of an accessible ground water.

Environment

Paper is at the origin of an important consumption of energy, of raw material and generates transport, gases with greenhouse effect and effluents and by-products sometimes very polluting (ex: muds of de-inking.), sources of important environmental impacts. The industrialists reduced the quantities of water consumed much to produce a ton of paper, recycle paper best and improved energy efficiency of certain processes (gas turbines, cogeneration.) but this die remains énergivore and having an ecological Empreinte high. Some companies set up steps allowing them of bénficier of écolabels (FSC for example, label recognized by large ONG international of which Greenpeace and WWF)

Impacts on the forest, and of transport; Of many factories imports pulp paper concentrated of forest zones distant ( Canada , Northern Europe primarily.). The test of many stocks of trees GMO worries the ONG and certain experts as regards Biodiversité.

Odors : These factories are producing of Odeur S particular, sometimes nauseous which affect their entourage.
Des odors undesirable can come from chemical reactions of cooking induced by the Procédé kraft, which release from the sulphites of hydrogen and others Gaz of Soufre. As long as concentrations N do not exceed unquestionable threshold, seldom reached, these emanations are not considered dangerous for the health of the surrounding communities.
D' other odors can be dependant on the internal purification plants and odors emitted by bacteria developing in the circuits of recycling of water. In certain cases, increasingly rare (use of coal or heavy Fuel not desulphurized), odors and strong a acidification of the air can be due to the Combustible, often replaced by gas desulphurized since the years 1970-1980. One thus speaks about Nuisance S (olfactive) rather than of Pollution in connection with the odors.

Pollution : Muds of De-inking and moindrement the Clarification sludge and residues of pulpeurs (in the case of recycled paper) can contain Heavy metals and residues of Biocide optical S and blueings or other additives resulting from the process of manufacture.
So that this paste does not ferment on the way and does not take an unpleasant odor, it is treated by Biocide S (Bactéricide S and Fongicide S poisons), which can be found in water and the vapor during the process of manufacture.
Avec a production more and more " with Juste-with-time or flow tightened " , sharp variations of use of Sugar S, of Starch (coated bed) in certain factories, or other additives can support pullulations of bacteria, or on the contrary to kill the populations of bacteria which purify water, which in both cases can disturb certain purification plants.

Answers: the industrialist, with, research program and the Agency laboratory assistant of Water or their equivalents where they exist, develop efficient and less polluting technologies more , but the production increasing, the reduction in pollution to the produced ton is to some extent compensated by the strong increase of the annual tonnages produced in the world. Steps of écomanagement (ex ISO 14001) and of ecosociocertification (ex: FSC) is other answers. The quality of the effluents was in the rich countries improved considerably since the years 1970. Remain the Impact S in upstream and differed in downstream , in particular as regards not compensated Gas emissions with greenhouse effect, paper being materials quickly perishable and often in fine burned, in spite of a strong increase in recycling.

History

Towards the end of the III E, the technique of manufacture of paper is discovered by the Chinese then transmitted to Arabic in 751 via the paper makers captive with the Bataille of Catholic students, it then was diffused in méditérannée as from the 12th century.

In France, the valley of Ambert in the Puy-de-Dôme, makes true great strides about the middle of the 14th century with the appearance of a great quantity of mills to paper (not less than 40 mills on the brook of Laga close to the village of Valeyre), where water quality and the hydraulic force attract many paper makers. Only vestige persisting still today of this last time: the Mill Richard De Bas which still produces under the eyes of the tourists of the paper which was voted by plebiscite at the court of Louis XV.

The manufacture of paper industrializes at the 19th century with the invention of the first paper machine uninterrupted of Louis Nicolas Robert in 1798. The paste supply is then made uninterrupted on a form planes and paper leaves in reel, but must be distinct in sheets to be dried. In 1804, the brothers Henry and Sealy Foudrinier buy the concession of the Robert machine and publish a patent in 1807 in the name of Gamble and Foudrinier. The Foudrinier machine is competed with by the English John Dickinson (1782-1869) who develops a machine with round form in 1809. Multiple improvements are made for drying uninterrupted at exit of machine, but the structure evolves/moves little until in 1890.

The paper machines are relatively similar with a width ranging between 1,20 m and 1,80 m for a speed of 20 with 30 m/min.

It is the development of the Rotative for large the press “ mangeuse ” of paper which explodes the request. The machine with table punt supplants the machine with round form and it is Pusey and Jones Company with the the United States which builds, at the request of Hudson River Paper Company, the first machine adapted to a table of 15 m length.

The speed of 200 m/min is crossed in 1908 by W.H. Millspaugh. The power and the North-American superiority for the construction of large paper machines are then obvious and the race with the Gigantisme will continue. In 1920, two Canadian firms are at the head for the performances of production: Abitibi Power and Paper Co and Belgo Paper Co.

At the time, the industry of paper is still fragmented in France. It is the Vault Darblay with Saint-Etienne-of-Rouvray the and Beghin with Corbehem which produce the majority of continuous paper. Other smaller firms, like ARJOMARI (regrouping of four paper mills) and the paper mills of France with Lancey, are specialized in more manufactured products, but which require nevertheless powerful machines.

In the years 1990, with the rise to power of the defense groups of the Environment, the North-American paper mills took the ecological turn. They started to manufacture various products containing of reclaimed fibers.

This period also marked the one era beginning of integration, largest buying smallest.

List important paper mills (incomplete)

Ahlstrom
Arjowiggins
Paper mill Aussedat
Clairefontaine
Papers Cascades
Domtar
Paper mills of Gascogne
the Nile
Norske Skog Industry
Tembec
UPM Kymmene

References

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