The Périurbanisation is a space process of extension of the Ville. It falls under the process of Métropolisation and can be explained by the Conjecture of Zahavi.

The periurbanisation (like more generally any separation of the work place and the place of dwelling) involves important pendular migrations (daily displacement between the habitat of the townsman and its work place, being always carried out with the same schedules).

It has important environmental impacts. In the contexts where only the road traffic favoured or was supported, the periurbanisation is source of an important increase in the consumption of space, of éco-landscape Fragmentation of the territory, of energy and Gaz to greenhouse effect. It strongly contributes to the increase in the ecological Empreinte of the zones concerned. Although richer in private green areas, the periurbanized zones suffer from the peaks of Ozone, sometimes more than of center town from which come the photochemical precursors from ozone.

INSEE apprehends the process of periurbanisation through the statistical concept of urban Aire and “ crown périurbaine ” (Somme of the communes of an urban surface, other than its urban pole)

Mechanism

One could believe that the periurbanisation concerns primarily the mythification in the spirit of French of the house with garden, ultimate Graal of the land and buildings, but not only.

Indeed, origins, then the rise of the periurbanisation concerns above all the political arenas and economic.

Political factors

First crucial factor: change in the housing policy operated under the presidency of Valery Giscard d'Estaing, in the middle of the Years 1970.

The policy of housing construction collectives by the state carried out until there was replaced by a policy of assistance to the possibility of home-ownership, in particular by the allowance of interest rates for the private individuals. This measurement has two main aims: to make perdurer the usual support for the sector of construction and BTP, but also to fight against the influence of the French Communist party, by embourgeoisant the working classes.

In spite of the description as of the Years 1970 of the possible drifts, this help will remain not zonée - ascribable everywhere in France - and not typified - not depending on the type of construction. By increasing the solvency of the most modest households, the State subsidizes the periurbanisation directly.

Economic factors

Second element, economic factors.

Vis-a-vis the price of the real estate in the urban centres, it is commonly allowed that a house in zone périurbaine is less expensive with the purchase. Indeed, during construction the expenditure is of two orders: the costs of construction, which even remain stable decrease in time and space, and the costs of acquisition of the ground, which simultaneously with the rise of the real market price knew a big rise in the 20 last years. This rise in the price of the grounds uniformly is of course not distributed geographically, it is thus on this station that the financial arbitration between costs and distance is carried out: so initially the grounds located in a first crown around the agglomerations was gravitational, it is from now on in a second even a third crown that are the still accessible sectors. For Lyon, this impact is today about 50 km.

Nevertheless, this logic concerns an economic analysis in the short run: one does not take into account the cost in the duration of such a localization: mobility can thus represent up to 30% of the incomes of households, through the purchase and the imperative maintenance of two cars in particular.

Logic of actors

This phenomenon is in addition reinforced by the policies of actors. Indeed, the municipalities, qualified in the attribution of the permits building, have the main role as regards the dispersion of the residences:

• Initially, the opening to construction allows the arrival of new inhabitants and thus the maintenance in the rural communes close to the cities of the school, of the trade,… Moreover in one context of agricultural crisis, the sale of lately constructible grounds by the farmers enables them to finance their retirement.
• In the second time, one observes a collusion between former and new inhabitants who do not wish to find themselves in the long term in urban environment: it is the closing of the authorizations of construction, which by decreasing the offer contributes to the rise of the prices. The phenomenon refers thus gradually more and more far from the urban centres.

See too

Internal bonds

• urban Spreading out
• Rurbanisation

External bonds

• Document INSEE: Périurbanisation: a growth continues (INSEE, Seven 1997)
• case study in Burgundy, article of Jean-Louis Maigrot in the review '' M@appemonde ''
• " Beyond the cities against the interval of the villes" , Marc Dumont and Anne Bossé

References