Orthography

The orthography (of the Greek roots ὀρθός orthὀs , “right, correct”, and γραφή graphḗ , “writing”) indicates the whole of the Norme S which regulate the way of writing in a Langue. All the languages did not know this standardization of their writing, some not having a radiation justifying such a standardization. In fact, as soon as a language exceeds the simple framework of the dialectal speech or regional, its number of speakers becoming more important, one is constrained to fix rules in order to facilitate the mutual insurance company comprehension of the speakers.

Evolution

The languages being very old systems with an existence and thus of the evolutions on several plans (semantics, oral examination, writing), their rules are not inevitably Logique S and their often decentralized evolutions are difficult to control. It is rare that an authority is essential with the capacity to fix allowed rules of all, and only the total control of the Enseignement makes it possible to ensure, by the instruction of the children, the diffusion of the “rule”, that, in the absence of logic, it is impossible to deduce from some simple principles. Any modification on the matter (including the standardization), whatever the “progress” which it represents, must also compose with the current location and the practices of the people practitioner the language, who will not change any without difficulties.

Standardization

The process of standardization sticks to three elements of the language: its Grammar, its Syntax and its orthography (the Prononciation is seldom standardized). The Grammar and the Syntaxe relate to as much the oral expression as written, but the orthography relates to only the writing. However, the majority of the languages of the world do not have a writing: they are used only with the oral examination. They thus do not require a definition of their orthography.

The orthography is generally divided into two categories.

  • L´ literal spelling (also called literal spelling ) defines the way of writing the words of the lexicon independently of their use in the sentence or the text. Each word has a definite orthography. The oral stage of the language always preceding the written stage, the literal spelling is supposed to represent in linguistic signs the pronunciation of the words, according to a regular correspondence letter-phoneme. However, the graphic evolution seldom following the phonetic evolution of the language, the literal spelling lost, in many languages, its regularity.
  • the grammatical spelling defines the way of graphically indicating the variable elements of the words (their inflected forms). That concerns, inter alia, the marks of plural and the conjugation of the verbs.

See too

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