Organic matter - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

In a ecosystem

Living matter

The composition of the beings Vivant S includes/understands especially water (90% of a Végétal, 65% of an human being), but also of minerals (Ion S). The organic matter constitutes a small percentage of the fresh matter, but a strong share of the matter dries:

; Wall of the vegetable cells:

Glucids: Cellulose, Pectin.
Lignin, Tannin S

Grounds

The dead organic matter of the grounds constitutes the major part of the Biomasse on Earth, especially in cold medium. This matter is:

of vegetable origin: food residues, Wood, Sheet S, Manure S, Compost S, Peat…
of animal origin: animal corpses of , living beings of the ground: mouse, towards, collemboles, nematodes, etc.
the Humus.

It is an important carbon tank, and the acceleration of its degradation due to the Climate warming increases the discharges of CO₂ and methane CH₄, which are Gaz with greenhouse effect.

See also: Cycle of carbon, Ground (pedology)

Biodeterioration

In biology, one refers under the term of organic matter to the matter able to break up (or to be it), or to the matter resulting from the decomposition. It is true that the organic matter is very often the remainder of a living organism, and can even contain living organisms, but any organic matter does not have to see with the alive . Contrary, the Polymeric S and the plastic S, if one can qualify them “organic materials”, are generally not regarded as organic matters according to this definition, because they break up very with difficulty.

Ambiguity of the concept of organic matter

The organic matter is not necessarily created by living organisms, and the latter do not rest exclusively on it. The shell of a clam, for example, although it is the product of a living organism, cannot be broken up - initially because of its poverty into organic molecules. Against example is the Urée, an organic substance which can be synthesized without having recourse to a biological activity.

The correlation between “organics” and living organism comes from the scientific idea, now given up, of the Vitalisme, which allotted to the life a special force which conferred to him with it only the capacity to create the organic substances. The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828 was a first handing-over in question of this theory, before modern microbiology.

The organic matter contains by definition of the Carbone. One finds it in nature in the form of matter of animal or vegetable origin. The chemists work out organic “compounds” of synthesis which do not exist in nature starting from the Pétrole, in particular of the plastic . It is the field of the Organic chemistry.

Example of plastics:

PVC: Vinyl polychloride (gutters, bottles of mineral water…)
PP: Polypropylene (yoghourt pot, cream-coloured fresh…)
FART: Polyethylene terephthalate (fizzy drink bottle…)
PS: Polystyrene (heat insulator…)

Fossil organic matters

One distinguishes various types of organic matters Fossile S:

Oil and Natural gas is the products of bacterial, the incomplete microbial organic matter decomposition produced in ic medium Océan.
coal, Lignite and Tourbes is the product of the incomplete decomposition of terrestrial, or semi-watery plants.

Practical uses

Energy uses

The connection S between carbons is rich in energy. The Combustion of the organic compounds releases this energy, in the form of Chaleur and perhaps used for various needs: Heating, Transport.

Fossil energy (Oil.)
Energies or biomass not fossils:

Manure

The elements NR, P contained in the organic matter can be slowly released during the slow organic matter decomposition contained in:

It are thus used like Fertilisant S.

Internal bonds

External bonds

the organic molecules simplest, sights in 3D

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