Organic chemistry

The organic chemistry is a branch of the Chimie concerning the description and the study of a big class of Molécule S containing Carbone: made up organics.

Although there is a covering with the Biochimie, the latter is interested specifically in the molecules manufactured by the living organisms. The Organic matter as well as the made up organics are in the middle of these disciplines. One will indicate them under the term of organic “substances”.

History

At the beginning of the 19th century, the chemists generally thought that the compounds of the living organisms were too complex from their structure and thanks to a “vital Force” or Vitalisme that the man could not synthesize, these compounds was particular owing to the fact that they could reproduce. They called these “organic” compounds and continued to be unaware of them.

The organic chemistry is in addition opposed to the inorganic Chemistry (or inorganic ), which deals with the study of the substances resulting from the mineral world (the Ground, the Eau and the atmosphere). This separation is due to the fact that until the beginning of the 19th century, one thought that contrary to the mineral substances, it was impossible to synthesize organic substances without the intervention of a not explained vital Force. Since the accidental synthesis of the Urea by Friedrich Wöhler in 1828, we know that it of it is nothing, so that this separation does not take place more to exist. From 1850 to 1865, the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot (1827-1907), professor with the Collège de France, devotes to the organic synthesis and reconstitutes the Méthane, the Méthanol, the éthyne and the Benzène starting from their elements, and exposes his theories in his book the Organic chemistry Founded on the Synthesis . Currently, one can synthesize nearly a million compounds, among which rare are the products that one finds in nature.

The organic chemistry is now simply defined by the study of composed containing Carbone other than the Oxyde S, the Cyanure S, the Carbonate S and the Carbure S. it is also called the chemistry of carbon . Soap S made from various Fat S and Alkali. Different He separated the Acid S that, in combination with the alkali, produced the soap. Since thesis were all individual compounds, He demonstrated that it was possible to make has chemical changes in various conceited (which traditionally like from organic sources), producing new compounds, without “vital forces”.

The real vent that has completely destroyed the myth off “vitalism” occurred, however, when in 1828 Friedrich Woehler first manufactured the organic chemical Urea (carbamide), has constitute off the liquid waste matter urine from the inorganic ammonium cyanate NH4OCN, in what is now called the Wöhler synthesis.

With great next step was when in 1856 William Henry Perkin, while trying to manufacture Quinine, again accidentally cam to manufacture the organic dye now called Perkin' S mauve, which by generating has huge amount off money greatly increased interest in organic chemistry. Another step was the laboratory preparation off DDT by Othmer Zeidler in 1874, insecticidal goal the properties off this compound were not discovered till much later.

The history off organic chemistry continuous with the discovery off Petroleum and its separation into Fraction S according to boiling arrange. The conversion off different compound types gold individual compounds by various chemical processes created the petroleum chemistry leading to the birth off the petrochemical industry, which successfully manufactured artificial rubbers, the various organic adhesive, the property modifying petroleum additive, and plastics.

The pharmaceutical industry began in the last decade off the 19th century when acetyl-salicilic acid (Aspirin) manufacture was started in Germany by Bayer.

Biochemistry, the chemistry off living room organisms, to their structure and in vitro interactions and inside living room systems, has only started in the 20th century, opening up has brand new chapter off organic chemistry with enormous scope. --->

Characteristics

The reason for which there exists carbonaceous compounds as many is the capacity of carbon to form covalent bonds with itself and thus to form many chains various lengths, as well as cycle S of various sizes. The majority of the organic compounds are extremely sensitive to the Chaleur and generally break up above 200 °C. They tend to be little Soluble S in the Eau, in any case less soluble than inorganic salts. On the other hand, and contrary to such salts, they tend to be soluble in the Solvant S organics such as the ether or the alcohol. Generally, one can retain that the similar ones (molecules more or less polar S, protic S etc) dissolve the similar ones.

Representation

The organic compounds are primarily made up of Atome S of Carbone and Hydrogène. In a preoccupation with a simplification, the chemists took the practice to represent the molecules which they handle without making appear the hydrogen and carbon atoms. This representation is called topological Formule.

Families

See also: Made up organics

Aliphatic compounds

In fact carbon chains can be modified by functional groups.

  • halogenous compounds

    • the halides of acyles
    • the halogenous derivatives
  • phosphorated compounds

aromatic compounds

The aromatic compounds must answer 3 criteria:

  • to contain a cycle of carbon atoms like that of benzene or similar,

  • to have a combined system of types pi-sigma-pi or p-sigma-pi (with sigma = simple connection; pi = double connection and p = doublet not binding),
  • to respect the rule of Huckel.

If the cycle contains an atom other than carbon, one speaks about heterocycle .

  • compounds of the benzene

    • the Benzene and its derivatives

    • the Benzoïde S (polycyclic Benzenes)
    • the Fullerène S
    • the phenol S
    • the aromatic amines

Others

One can also quote the compounds resulting from other branches connected to the organic chemistry:

  • Polymeric S

  • the organometallic compounds
  • the ylides of phosphorus
  • bases very strong (20
    • the hydrides
    • the ions amidures
    • the ions alcoholates

Reactions

Elementary rules

  • Rule of Markovnikov
  • Rule of Zaïtsev

See too

Related articles

External bonds

  • Site gate on the Organic chemistry
  • Site gate on the Organic chemistry
  • educational Site on the organic chemistry

Simple: Organic chemistry Zh-min-nan: Iú-ki hoà-ha̍k

Random links:University George Bacovia | Abdellatif Zein | Championship of France of football D2 1980-81 | Pervijze | Park of Voyenne